Liprotheine

Liprotheine ke lintho tsa tlhaho tsa macromolecular tse nang le ketane ea li-amino acid tse hokahantsoeng ke bond ea peptide. Karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea metsoako ena ke taolo ea lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale 'meleng (karolo ea enzymatic). Ho phaella moo, ba etsa ts'ireletso, li-hormone, tsa sebopeho, phepo e nepahetseng, mesebetsi ea matla.

Ka sebopeho, liprotheine li arotsoe ka bonolo (liprotheine) le tse rarahaneng (liprotheine). Palo ea masala a amino acid ka limolek'hule e fapane: myoglobin ke 140, insulin ke 51, e hlalosang boima ba limolek'hule tse phahameng tsa motsoako (Monghali), o tlohang ho 10 000 ho ea ho 3 000 000 Dalton.

Liprotheine li etsa karolo ea 17 lekholong ea boima ba motho: 10% ke letlalo, 20% ke lefufuru, masapo, 'me 50% ke mesifa. Leha taba ea hore karolo ea liprotheine le liprotheine ha e so ithutoe ka botlalo kajeno, ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso ea methapo, bokhoni ba ho hola, ho ikatisa 'mele, phallo ea lits'ebetso tsa metabolic maemong a cellular e amana ka kotloloho le ts'ebetso ea amino. acid.

Histori ea ho sibolloa

Mokhoa oa ho ithuta liprotheine o qalile lekholong la XVIII, ha sehlopha sa bo-rasaense se etelletsoeng pele ke setsebi sa k'hemistri sa Mofora Antoine Francois de Furcroix se ne se etsa lipatlisiso ka albumin, fibrin, gluten. Ka lebaka la lithuto tsena, liprotheine li ile tsa akaretsoa 'me tsa aroloa ka sehlopha se arohaneng.

Ka 1836, ka lekhetlo la pele, Mulder o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea mofuta o mocha oa sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa liprotheine tse thehiloeng khopolong ea li-radicals. E ile ea lula e amoheloa ka kakaretso ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-1850. Lebitso la sejoale-joale la protheine - protheine - motsoako o fumanoeng ka 1838. 'Me qetellong ea lekholo la boXNUMX la lilemo, rasaense oa Lejeremane A. Kossel o ile a sibolla ntho e makatsang: o fihletse qeto ea hore li-amino acid ke tsona likarolo tsa mantlha tsa sebopeho. “likarolo tsa moaho”. Khopolo ena e ile ea pakoa ka liteko qalong ea lekholo la boXNUMX la lilemo ke setsebi sa k'hemistri sa Jeremane Emil Fischer.

Ka 1926, rasaense oa Leamerika, James Sumner, nakong ea lipatlisiso tsa hae, o ile a fumana hore urease ea enzyme e hlahisoang 'meleng ke ea liprotheine. Ho sibolloa hona ho ile ha tlisa katleho lefatšeng la mahlale ’me ho ile ha lebisa tlhokomelong ea bohlokoa ba liprotheine bophelong ba motho. Ka 1949, setsebi sa biochemist sa Lenyesemane, Fred Sanger, o ile a etsa liteko ka tatellano ea amino acid ea insulin ea hormone, e ileng ea tiisa ho nepahala ha monahano oa hore liprotheine ke li-polymer tse melang tsa amino acid.

Lilemong tsa bo-1960, ka lekhetlo la pele motheong oa X-ray diffraction, mehaho ea sebaka sa liprotheine boemong ba athomo e ile ea fumanoa. Thuto ea motsoako ona oa limolek'hule tse phahameng e ntse e tsoela pele ho fihlela kajeno.

Sebopeho sa protheine

Likarolo tse kholo tsa sebopeho sa liprotheine ke li-amino acid, tse nang le lihlopha tsa amino (NH2) le masala a carboxyl (COOH). Maemong a mang, li-radicals tsa nitric-hydrogen li amahanngoa le li-ion tsa carbon, palo le sebaka sa tsona tse khethollang litšobotsi tse khethehileng tsa lintho tsa peptide. Ka nako e ts'oanang, boemo ba carbon mabapi le sehlopha sa amino bo hatisoa ka lebitso le nang le sehlomathiso se khethehileng: alpha, beta, gamma.

Bakeng sa liprotheine, li-alpha-amino acid li sebetsa e le likarolo tsa sebopeho, kaha ke tsona feela, ha li lelefatsa ketane ea polypeptide, li fa likhechana tsa protheine botsitso le matla. Metsoako ea mofuta ona e fumanoa ka tlhaho ka mefuta e 'meli: L le D (ntle le glycine). Likarolo tsa mofuta oa pele ke karolo ea liprotheine tsa lintho tse phelang tse hlahisoang ke liphoofolo le limela, 'me mofuta oa bobeli ke karolo ea meaho ea li-peptide tse entsoeng ke li-non-ribosomal synthesis ho li-fungus le libaktheria.

Mehaho ea liprotheine e hokahanngoa ke polypeptide bond, e entsoeng ka ho hokahanya amino acid e le 'ngoe le carboxyl ea amino acid e' ngoe. Mehaho e khutšoanyane e atisa ho bitsoa li-peptides kapa oligopeptides (boima ba molek'hule 3-400 daltons), le tse telele, tse nang le li-amino acid tse fetang 10, polypeptides. Hangata, liketane tsa protheine li na le masala a 000 - 50 amino acid, 'me ka linako tse ling 100 - 400. Liprotheine li theha mehaho e khethehileng ea sebaka ka lebaka la ho sebelisana ha intramolecular. Li bitsoa li-protein conformations.

Ho na le mekhahlelo e mene ea protheine:

1. Ea mantlha ke tatellano ea mela ea masala a amino acid a hokahantsoeng hammoho ke bond e matla ea polypeptide.
2. Ea bobeli - mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa likaroloana tsa protheine sepakapakeng hore e be sebopeho sa spiral kapa se mennwe.
3. Tertiary - mokhoa oa ho beha sebaka sa ketane ea helical polypeptide, ka ho mena sebopeho sa bobeli hore e be bolo.
4. Quaternary - protheine e kopanetsoeng (oligomer), e entsoeng ka ho sebelisana ha liketane tse 'maloa tsa polypeptide tsa mohaho oa thuto e phahameng.

Sebopeho sa sebopeho sa protheine se arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 3:

• fibrillary;
• globular;
• lera.

Mofuta oa pele oa liprotheine ke limolek'hule tse kang khoele tse hokahantsoeng tse etsang likhoele tse tšoarellang nako e telele kapa meaho e nang le lera. Kaha liprotheine tsa fibrillar li khetholloa ke matla a phahameng a mechine, li etsa mesebetsi e sireletsang le ea meralo 'meleng. Baemeli ba tloaelehileng ba liprotheine tsena ke li-keratin tsa moriri le li-collagens tsa lisele.

Liprotheine tsa globular li na le ketane e le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata tsa polypeptide tse phuthoang ka sebopeho sa ellipsoidal se kopaneng. Tsena li kenyelletsa li-enzyme, likarolo tsa ho tsamaisa mali, le liprotheine tsa lisele.

Lik'hemik'hale tsa Membrane ke meaho ea polypeptide e kentsoeng ka har'a khetla ea li-cell organelles. Lik'hemik'hale tsena li etsa mosebetsi oa li-receptors, li fetisa limolek'hule tse hlokahalang le lipontšo tse khethehileng ka holim'a metsi.

Ho fihlela joale, ho na le mefuta e mengata ea liprotheine, tse khethiloeng ke palo ea masala a amino acid e kenyellelitsoeng ho tsona, sebopeho sa sebaka le tatellano ea sebaka sa tsona.

Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea 'mele, ke li-alpha-amino acid tse 20 feela tsa letoto la L, tse 8 tsa tsona ha lia etsoa ke' mele oa motho.

Thepa ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale

Sebopeho sa sebaka le sebopeho sa amino acid ea protheine e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e khetholla litšobotsi tsa eona tsa physicochemical.

Liprotheine ke lintho tse tiileng tse etsang litharollo tsa colloidal ha li kopana le metsi. Li-emulsions tse nang le metsi, liprotheine li teng ka mokhoa oa likaroloana tse lefshoang, kaha sebopeho se kenyelletsa lihlopha tsa polar le ionic (-NH2, -SH, -COOH, -OH). Tefiso ea molek'hule ea protheine e ipapisitse le karo-karolelano ea masala a carboxyl (-COOH), amine (NH) le pH ea mahareng. Ho khahlisang, sebopeho sa liprotheine tsa tlhaho ea liphoofolo se na le li-amino acid tse ngata tsa dicarboxylic (glutamic le aspartic), tse khethollang bokhoni ba tsona bo bobe ka tharollo ea metsi.

Lintho tse ling li na le palo e kholo ea diamino acid (histidine, lysine, arginine), ka lebaka leo li itšoarang ka metsi e le lik'hemik'hale tsa protheine. Litharollong tse nang le metsi a mangata, motsoako o tsitsitse ka lebaka la ho nyelisoa ha likaroloana tse nang le litefello tse tšoanang. Leha ho le joalo, phetoho ea pH ea mahareng e kenyelletsa phetoho ea palo ea lihlopha tsa ionized protheine.

Sebakeng se nang le asiti, ho bola ha lihlopha tsa carboxyl hoa hatelloa, e leng se lebisang ho fokotseng matla a mabe a karolo ea protheine. Ka alkali, ho fapana le hoo, ionization ea masala a amine e lieha, ka lebaka leo tefiso e ntle ea protheine e fokotsehang.

Ka pH e itseng, seo ho thoeng ke isoelectric point, alkaline dissociation e lekana le acidic, ka lebaka leo likaroloana tsa protheine li bokellanang le ho phalla. Bakeng sa li-peptide tse ngata, boleng bona bo sebakeng se nang le asiti hanyane. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le meaho e nang le matla a matla a alkaline. Sena se bolela hore bongata ba liprotheine li phutha tikolohong e nang le asiti, le karolo e nyane sebakeng sa alkaline.

Sebakeng sa isoelectric, liprotheine ha li tsitsa ka tharollo 'me, ka lebaka leo, li kopanya habonolo ha li futhumala. Ha asiti kapa alkali e kenngoa protheineng ea metsi, limolek'hule li tsosolosoa, ka mor'a moo motsoako o qhibiliha hape. Leha ho le joalo, liprotheine li boloka litšobotsi tsa tsona feela maemong a itseng a pH a mahareng. Haeba maqhama a tšoereng sebopeho sa sebaka sa protheine a senyehile ka tsela e itseng, joale conformation e laetsoeng ea ntho e holofetse, ka lebaka leo molek'hule e nkang sebopeho sa moferefere o sa reroang. Ketsahalo ena e bitsoa denaturation.

Phetoho ea thepa ea protheine e lebisa ho phello ea lik'hemik'hale le lintho tsa 'mele: mocheso o phahameng, mahlaseli a mahlaseli a kotsi, ho sisinyeha ka matla, ho kopantsoe le li-protein precipitants. Ka lebaka la denaturation, karolo e lahleheloa ke ts'ebetso ea eona ea likokoana-hloko, thepa e lahlehileng ha e khutlisetsoe.

Liprotheine li fana ka 'mala nakong ea karabelo ea hydrolysis. Ha tharollo ea peptide e kopantsoe le sulfate ea koporo le alkali, 'mala oa lilac o hlaha (karabelo ea biuret), ha liprotheine li futhumatsoa ka nitric acid - tint e mosehla (xantoprotein reaction), ha e sebelisana le tharollo ea nitrate ea mercury - mmala oa raspberry (Milon). boitsoaro). Lithuto tsena li sebelisetsoa ho bona libopeho tsa protheine tsa mefuta e fapaneng.

Mefuta ea liprotheine khoneha synthesis 'meleng

Boleng ba li-amino acid bakeng sa 'mele oa motho bo ke ke ba nyenyefatsoa. Li etsa karolo ea li-neurotransmitters, li hlokahala bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea boko, li fana ka matla ho mesifa, le ho laola ho lekana ha ts'ebetso ea mesebetsi ea bona ka livithamini le liminerale.

Bohlokoa bo ka sehloohong ba ho hokahanya ke ho netefatsa tsoelo-pele e tloaelehileng le ts'ebetso ea 'mele. Li-amino acid li hlahisa li-enzyme, lihomone, hemoglobin, li-antibodies. Tšimoloho ea liprotheine linthong tse phelang e lula e le teng.

Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso ena e emisoa haeba lisele li haelloa ke bonyane amino acid e le 'ngoe ea bohlokoa. Tlōlo ea ho thehoa ha liprotheine e lebisa ho mathata a tšilo ea lijo, khōlo e liehang, ho se tsitse ha kelello-maikutlo.

Bongata ba li-amino acid li entsoe 'meleng oa motho ka har'a sebete. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le metsoako e joalo e tlamehang ho tla letsatsi le leng le le leng le lijo.

Sena se bakoa ke ho aroloa ha li-amino acid ka mekhahlelo e latelang:

• e ke keng ea nkeloa sebaka;
• semi-replaceable;
• nkeloa sebaka.

Sehlopha se seng le se seng sa lintho se na le mesebetsi e itseng. Nahana ka tsona ka botlalo.

Li-Amino acid tsa bohlokoa

Motho ha a khone ho hlahisa metsoako ea manyolo ea sehlopha sena a le mong, empa hoa hlokahala ho boloka bophelo ba hae.

Ka hona, li-amino acid tse joalo li fumane lebitso "bohlokoa" 'me li tlameha ho fanoa khafetsa ho tsoa kantle le lijo. Protheine synthesis ntle le thepa ena ea mohaho ha e khonehe. Ka lebaka leo, ho haella ha bonyane motsoako o le mong ho lebisa mathateng a metabolic, ho fokotseha ha mesifa, boima ba 'mele, le ho emisa tlhahiso ea protheine.

Li-amino acid tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa 'mele oa motho, haholo-holo ho baatlelete le bohlokoa ba bona.

1. Valin. Ke karolo ea sebopeho sa branched chain protein (BCAA) .Ke mohloli oa matla, o kenya letsoho liketsong tsa metabolism ea naetrojene, o tsosolosa lisele tse senyehileng, 'me o laola glycemia. Valine e hlokahala bakeng sa phallo ea metabolism ea mesifa, ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea kelello. E sebelisoa mekhoeng ea bongaka hammoho le leucine, isoleucine bakeng sa phekolo ea boko, sebete, e lemetseng ka lebaka la ho tahoa ha lithethefatsi, joala kapa lithethefatsi tsa 'mele.
2. Leucine le Isoleucine. Fokotsa maemo a tsoekere ea mali, ho sireletsa mesifa, ho chesa mafura, ho sebetsa e le li-catalysts bakeng sa motsoako oa hormone ea ho hōla, ho tsosolosa letlalo le masapo. Leucine, joalo ka valine, e kenya letsoho lits'ebetsong tsa phepelo ea matla, e leng bohlokoa haholo ho boloka mamello ea 'mele nakong ea boikoetliso bo boima. Ho feta moo, ho hlokahala isoleucine bakeng sa ho qaptjoa ha hemoglobin.
3. Threonine. E thibela ho senyeha ha mafura a sebete, ho kenya letsoho liprotheine le metabolism ea mafura, motsoako oa collagen, elastane, ho thehoa ha lisele tsa masapo (enamel). Amino acid e eketsa tšireletso ea 'mele, ho ba le ts'oaetso ea' mele ho mafu a ARVI. Threonine e fumanoa mesifa ea masapo, tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, pelo, e tšehetsang mosebetsi oa bona.
4. Methionine. E ntlafatsa tšilo ea lijo, e kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea mafura, e sireletsa 'mele liphellong tse kotsi tsa mahlaseli a kotsi, e fokotsa lipontšo tsa toxicosis nakong ea bokhachane,' me e sebelisoa ho phekola ramatiki ea ramatiki. Amino acid e ameha tlhahisong ea taurine, cysteine, glutathione, e fokotsang le ho tlosa lintho tse chefo 'meleng. Methionine e thusa ho fokotsa maemo a histamine liseleng ho batho ba nang le allergy.
5. Tryptophan. E susumetsa ho lokolloa ha hormone ea ho hōla, e ntlafatsa boroko, e fokotsa liphello tse kotsi tsa nicotine, e tsitsisa maikutlo, e sebelisetsoa ho qaptjoa ha serotonin. Tryptophan 'meleng oa motho e khona ho fetoha niacin.
6. Lysine. E kenya letsoho tlhahisong ea li-albumin, li-enzyme, lihomone, li-antibodies, tokiso ea lisele le ho thehoa ha collagen. Asiti ena ea amino ke karolo ea liprotheine tsohle mme e hlokahala ho fokotsa boemo ba triglycerides serum ea mali, sebopeho se tloaelehileng sa masapo, ho monya ka botlalo k'halsiamo le ho teteana ha sebopeho sa moriri. Lysine e na le phello ea antiviral, e thibelang nts'etsopele ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang a ho hema le herpes. E eketsa matla a mesifa, e tšehetsa metabolism ea naetrojene, e ntlafatsa mohopolo oa nakoana, erection, libido. Ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e ntle, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid e thusa ho boloka pelo e phetse hantle, e thibela nts'etsopele ea atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, le herpes ea genital. Lysine hammoho le vithamine C, proline e thibela ho thehoa ha lipoprotein, tse bakang ho koaloa ha methapo le ho lebisa ho mafu a pelo.
7. Phenylalanine. E hatella takatso ea lijo, e fokotsa bohloko, e ntlafatsa maikutlo, mohopolo. 'Meleng oa motho, phenylalanine e khona ho fetoha amino acid tyrosine, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa motsoako oa li-neurotransmitters (dopamine le norepinephrine). Ka lebaka la bokhoni ba motsoako oa ho tšela mokoallo oa mali-boko, hangata e sebelisoa ho phekola mafu a methapo ea kutlo. Ho feta moo, amino acid e sebelisetsoa ho loantša bosoeu bo bakoang ke ho senyeha ha letlalo letlalong (vitiligo), schizophrenia le lefu la Parkinson.

Ho haella ha li-amino acid tsa bohlokoa 'meleng oa motho ho lebisa ho:

• kholofalo ea kholo;
• tlōlo ea biosynthesis ea cysteine, liprotheine, liphio, qoqotho, tsamaiso ea methapo;
• 'dementia';
• boima ba 'mele;
• phenylketonuria;
• ho fokotsa ho itšireletsa mafung le boemo ba hemoglobin maling;
• bothata ba ho hokahanya.

Ha u bapala lipapali, ho haella ha lihlopha tse ka holimo tsa meralo ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea lipapali, ho eketsa kotsi ea kotsi.

Mehloli ea Lijo tsa Amino Acids ea Bohlokoa

Tafole e ipapisitse le lintlha tse nkiloeng Laeboraring ea Temo ea United States - USA National Nutrient Database.

Karolo e ka nkeloang sebaka

Metsoako ea sehlopha sena e ka hlahisoa ke 'mele hafeela o fuoa lijo. Mofuta o mong le o mong oa li-semi-esential acid o etsa mesebetsi e itseng e ke keng ea nkeloa sebaka.

Nahana ka mefuta ea tsona.

1. Arginine. Ke e 'ngoe ea li-amino acid tsa bohlokoahali' meleng oa motho. E potlakisa ho fola ha lisele tse senyehileng, e theola k'holeseterole 'me ea hlokahala ho boloka bophelo bo botle ba letlalo, mesifa, manonyeletso le sebete. Arginine e eketsa sebopeho sa T-lymphocyte, e matlafatsang tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, e sebetsa e le tšitiso, e thibela ho kenngoa ha likokoana-hloko. Ho phaella moo, amino acid e khothalletsa ho tlosoa ha chefo ea sebete, e fokotsa khatello ea mali, e liehisa ho hōla ha lihlahala, e hanela ho thehoa ha mali, e eketsa potency le ho ntlafatsa methapo ea mali. E kenya letsoho ho metabolism ea nitrogen, creatine synthesis 'me e bontšoa ho batho ba batlang ho theola boima ba' mele le ho fumana boima ba mesifa. Arginine e fumanoa mokelikeli oa seminal, lisele tse sebetsang tsa letlalo le hemoglobin. Ho haella ha motsoako 'meleng oa motho ho kotsi bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere, ho hloka thari ho banna, ho lieha ho kena bonneng kapa bosaling, khatello ea mali, le immunodeficiency. Mehloli ea tlhaho ea arginine: chokolete, kokonate, gelatin, nama, lebese, lepa, koro, oats, makotomane, soya.
2. Histidine. E kenyelelitsoe liseleng tsohle tsa 'mele oa motho, li-enzyme. E kenya letsoho phapanyetsanong ea tlhahisoleseling lipakeng tsa tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng le mafapha a peripheral. Histidine e hlokahala bakeng sa tšilo ea lijo e tloaelehileng, kaha ho thehoa ha lero la gastric ho ka khoneha feela ka ho kenya letsoho. Ho feta moo, ntho e thibelang ho hlaha ha autoimmune, allergic reactions. Ho haella ha motsoako ho baka tahlehelo ea kutlo, ho eketsa kotsi ea ho ba le ramatiki ea ramatiki. Histidine e fumanoa lijo-thollo (raese, koro), lihlahisoa tsa lebese le nama.
3. Tyrosine. E khothalletsa ho thehoa ha li-neurotransmitters, e fokotsa bohloko ba nako ea pele ho khoeli, e kenya letsoho mosebetsing o tloaelehileng oa 'mele oohle, e sebetsa e le moriana oa tlhaho oa ho tepella maikutlo. Amino acid e fokotsa ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi, lithethefatsi tsa caffeine, e thusa ho laola takatso ea lijo 'me e sebetsa e le karolo ea pele ea tlhahiso ea dopamine, thyroxine, epinephrine. Ka protheine synthesis, tyrosine e nkela phenylalanine sebaka. Ho feta moo, hoa hlokahala bakeng sa ho qaptjoa ha lihomone tsa qoqotho. Khaello ea amino acid e liehisa lits'ebetso tsa metabolic, e theola khatello ea mali, e eketsa mokhathala. Tyrosine e fumaneha ka peo ea mokopu, lialmonde, oatmeal, matokomane, tlhapi, li-avocado, linaoa tsa soya.
4. Cystine. E fumaneha ho beta-keratin - protheine e ka sehloohong ea sebopeho sa moriri, lipoleiti tsa lipekere, letlalo. Amino acid e monngoa joalo ka N-acetyl cysteine ​​​​'me e sebelisoa ho phekola sefuba sa motho ea tsubang, ho tšoha ha septic, mofets'e le bronchitis. Cystine e boloka sebopeho se phahameng sa li-peptide, liprotheine, hape e sebetsa joalo ka antioxidant e matla. E tlamella li-radicals tsa mahala tse senyang, litšepe tse chefo, li sireletsa lisele ho tsoa ho x-ray le ho pepesehela mahlaseli. Amino acid ke karolo ea somatostatin, insulin, immunoglobulin. Cystine e ka fumanoa lijong tse latelang: broccoli, eiee, lihlahisoa tsa nama, mahe, konofolo, pelepele e khubelu.

Tšobotsi e ikhethang ea li-amino acid tse bohlokoa haholo ke monyetla oa ho sebelisoa ke 'mele ho etsa liprotheine sebakeng sa methionine, phenylalanine.

E fetoha

Metsoako ea 'mele ea sehlopha sena e ka hlahisoa ke' mele oa motho ka boithaopo, e koahelang litlhoko tse fokolang tsa litho tsa ka hare le litsamaiso. Li-amino acid tse ka nkeloang sebaka li entsoe ho tsoa lihlahisoa tsa metabolic le naetrojene e monyang. Ho tlatsa tloaelo ea letsatsi le letsatsi, e tlameha ho ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka sebopeho sa liprotheine ka lijo.

Nahana hore na ke lintho life tseo e leng tsa sehlopha sena:

1. Alanine. E sebelisoa e le mohloli oa matla, e tlosa chefo sebeteng, e potlakisa phetoho ea tsoekere. E thibela ho senyeha ha mesifa ea mesifa ka lebaka la potoloho ea alanine, e hlahisoang ka mokhoa o latelang: tsoekere - pyruvate - alanine - pyruvate - glucose. Ka lebaka la karabelo ena, karolo ea moaho ea protheine e eketsa mehloli ea matla, e lelefatsa bophelo ba lisele. Naetrojene e feteletseng nakong ea potoloho ea alanine e tlosoa 'meleng ka har'a moroto. Ntle le moo, ntho ena e susumetsa tlhahiso ea li-antibodies, e netefatsa metabolism ea acid, tsoekere le ho ntlafatsa sesole sa 'mele. Mehloli ea alanine: lihlahisoa tsa lebese, li-avocado, nama, likhoho, mahe, tlhapi.
2. Glycine. E kenya letsoho mohahong oa mesifa, motsoako oa li-hormone, o eketsa boemo ba creatine 'meleng, o khothalletsa phetoho ea tsoekere hore e be matla. Collagen ke 30% ea glycine. Lisele tsa cellular ha li khonehe ntle le ho kenya letsoho ha motsoako ona. Ha e le hantle, haeba lisele li senyehile, ntle le glycine, 'mele oa motho o ke ke oa khona ho folisa maqeba. Mehloli ea li-amino acid ke: lebese, linaoa, chisi, tlhapi, nama.
3. Glutamine. Ka mor'a ho fetoloa ha motsoako oa organic hore e be glutamic acid, e kenella ka har'a mokoallo oa mali-boko 'me e sebetsa e le mafura a hore boko bo sebetse. Amino acid e tlosa chefo sebeteng, e eketsa maemo a GABA, e boloka mesifa ea mesifa, e ntlafatsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo, 'me e ameha tlhahisong ea li-lymphocyte. Litokisetso tsa L-glutamine li atisa ho sebelisoa ho haha ​​​​'mele ho thibela ho senyeha ha mesifa ka ho tsamaisa naetrojene ho litho, ho tlosa ammonia e chefo le ho eketsa mabenkele a glycogen. Sehlahisoa sena se sebelisetsoa ho imolla matšoao a mokhathala o sa foleng, ho ntlafatsa semelo sa maikutlo, ho phekola ramatiki ea ramatiki, seso sa peptic, tahi, ho hloka matla, scleroderma. Baetapele ba litaba tsa glutamine ke parsley le spinach.
4. Carnitine. E tlama le ho tlosa mafura a acid 'meleng. Amino acid e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea vithamine E, C, e fokotsa boima bo feteletseng, e fokotsa moroalo oa pelo. 'Meleng oa motho, carnitine e hlahisoa ka glutamine le methionine sebeteng le liphio. Ke ea mefuta e latelang: D le L. Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa 'mele ke L-carnitine, e leng ho eketsang ho phunyeha ha lisele tsa lisele tsa mafura a mafura. Kahoo, amino acid e eketsa ts'ebeliso ea lipids, e liehisa tlhahiso ea limolek'hule tsa triglyceride sebakeng sa polokelo ea mafura a subcutaneous. Kamora ho nka carnitine, lipid oxidation ea eketseha, ts'ebetso ea ho lahleheloa ke lisele tsa adipose e qala, e tsamaeang le ho lokolloa ha matla a bolokiloeng ka mokhoa oa ATP. L-carnitine e ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea lecithin sebeteng, e theola boemo ba k'holeseterole, 'me e thibela ponahalo ea li-atherosclerotic plaques. Leha taba ea hore amino acid ena ha se ea sehlopha sa metsoako ea bohlokoa, ho ja ntho e tloaelehileng kamehla ho thibela nts'etsopele ea mafu a pelo mme ho u lumella ho phela nako e telele. Hopola, boemo ba carnitine bo fokotseha ka lilemo, kahoo batho ba hōlileng ba lokela ho qala ka ho kenyelletsa tlatsetso ea lijo lijong tsa bona tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Ho phaella moo, boholo ba ntho e entsoe ka vithamine C, B6, methionine, tšepe, lysine. Ho haella ha leha e le efe ea metsoako ena ho baka khaello ea L-carnitine 'meleng. Mehloli ea tlhaho ea li-amino acid: likhoho, li-yolk tsa mahe, mokopu, peo ea sesame, konyana, chisi ea cottage, tranelate e bolila.
5. Asparagine. Hoa hlokahala bakeng sa ho qaptjoa ha ammonia, ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea tsamaiso ea methapo. Amino acid e fumanoa lihlahisoa tsa lebese, asparagus, whey, mahe, tlhapi, linate, litapole, nama ea likhoho.
6. Aspartic acid. E kenya letsoho ho kenyelletsoeng ha arginine, lysine, isoleucine, ho thehoa ha mafura a bokahohleng bakeng sa 'mele - adenosine triphosphate (ATP), e fanang ka matla bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa intracellular. Aspartic acid e hlohlelletsa tlhahiso ea li-neurotransmitters, e eketsa bongata ba nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), e hlokahalang ho boloka ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso ea methapo le boko. Motsoako o entsoe ka mokhoa o ikemetseng, ha mahloriso a eona ka liseleng a ka eketsoa ka ho kenyelletsa lihlahisoa tse latelang lijong: 'moba, lebese, nama ea khomo, nama ea likhoho.
7. Asiti ea Glutamic. Ke neurotransmitter ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e hlasimollang mokokotlong oa mokokotlo. Motsoako oa lintho tse phelang o ameha ho tsamaeng ha potasiamo ho pholletsa le mokoallo oa mali-boko ho kena mokelikeli oa cerebrospinal 'me o bapala karolo e kholo metabolism ea triglycerides. Boko bo khona ho sebelisa glutamate joalo ka mafura. Tlhokahalo ea 'mele ea ho ja li-amino acid e eketseha ka lefu la sethoathoa, khatello ea maikutlo, ponahalo ea moriri o moputsoa pele (ho fihlela lilemo tse 30), mathata a tsamaiso ea methapo. Mehloli ea tlhaho ea glutamic acid: walnuts, tamati, li-mushroom, lijo tsa leoatleng, tlhapi, yoghurt, chisi, litholoana tse omisitsoeng.
8. Proline E Stimulates collagen synthesis, e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho thehoa ha lefufuru, e potlakisa mekhoa ea pholiso. Mehloli ea proline: mahe, lebese, nama. Batho ba jang meroho ba eletsoa ho nka amino acid e nang le lisebelisoa tsa phepo.
9. Serin. E laola bongata ba cortisol liseleng tsa mesifa, e nka karolo ho qaleng ha li-antibodies, immunoglobulins, serotonin, e khothalletsa ho monya ha creatine, e bapala karolo ea metabolism ea mafura. Serine e tšehetsa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Mehloli ea mantlha ea li-amino acid: cauliflower, broccoli, linate, mahe, lebese, soya, koumiss, nama ea khomo, koro, makotomane, nama ea likhoho.

Kahoo, li-amino acid li kenya letsoho tšebetsong ea mesebetsi eohle ea bohlokoa 'meleng oa motho. Pele u reka li-supplement tsa lijo, ho kgothaletswa ho buisana le setsebi. Ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore ho noa lithethefatsi tsa amino acid, le hoja ho nkoa e sireletsehile, empa ho ka mpefatsa mathata a ipatileng a bophelo bo botle.

Mefuta ea protheine ho ea ka tlhaho

Kajeno, mefuta e latelang ea protheine e khetholloa: lehe, whey, meroho, nama, tlhapi.

Nahana ka tlhaloso ea e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ea tsona.

1. Lehe. E nkuoa e le letšoao har'a liprotheine, liprotheine tse ling kaofela li behiloe maemong a amanang le eona hobane e na le tšilo ea lijo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa. Sebopeho sa yolk se kenyelletsa ovomucoid, ovomucin, lysocin, albumin, ovoglobulin, coalbumin, avidin, le albumin ke karolo ea protheine. Mahe a khōhō e tala ha a khothalletsoe ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho senya lijo. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore li na le inhibitor ea enzyme ea trypsin, e liehisang tšilo ea lijo, le protheine ea avidin, e kopanyang vithamine ea bohlokoa ea H. Motsoako o hlahisoang ha o monoe ke 'mele' me o tsoa. Ka hona, litsebi tsa phepo e nepahetseng li tsitlallela ho sebelisoa ha lehe le lesoeu feela ka mor'a phekolo ea mocheso, e lokollang limatlafatsi ho tswa ho biotin-avidin complex le ho senya trypsin inhibitor. Melemo ea mofuta ona oa protheine: e na le tekanyo e tloaelehileng ea ho monya (ligrama tse 9 ka hora), sebopeho se phahameng sa amino acid, se thusa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele. Melemo ea protheine ea mahe a khoho e kenyelletsa litšenyehelo tsa bona tse phahameng le allergenicity.
2. Whey ea lebese. Liprotheine sehlopheng sena li na le sekhahla se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sa ho robeha (ligrama tse 10-12 ka hora) har'a liprotheine tse felletseng. Kamora ho nka lihlahisoa tse thehiloeng ho whey, nakong ea hora ea pele, boemo ba li-peptide le li-amino acid maling bo eketseha haholo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ts'ebetso ea ho etsa acid ka mpeng ha e fetohe, e leng ho felisang monyetla oa ho thehoa ha khase le ho sitisa mokhoa oa ho senya lijo. Sebopeho sa lisele tsa mesifa ea motho ho latela litaba tsa li-amino acid tsa bohlokoa (valine, leucine le isoleucine) li haufi haholo le sebopeho sa liprotheine tsa whey. Mofuta ona oa protheine o theola k'holeseterole, o eketsa bongata ba glutathione, o na le litšenyehelo tse tlase ha o bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea li-amino acid. Bothata bo ka sehloohong ba protheine ea whey ke ho kenngoa ka potlako ha motsoako, e leng se etsang hore ho be bohlale ho e nka pele kapa hang ka mor'a koetliso. Mohloli o ka sehloohong oa protheine ke whey e monate e fumanoang nakong ea tlhahiso ea li-cheeses tsa rennet. Ho khetholla ho tsepamisa maikutlo, ho itšehla thajana, protheine ea whey hydrolyzate, casein. Ea pele ea mefuta e fumanoeng ha e khethollehe ka bohloeki bo phahameng 'me e na le mafura, lactose, e susumetsang ho thehoa ha khase. Boemo ba protheine ho eona ke 35-70%. Ka lebaka lena, protheine ea whey ke mokhoa o theko e tlaase oa ho haha ​​​​lipotolohong tsa phepo ea lipapali. Isolate ke sehlahisoa se nang le boemo bo phahameng ba tlhoekiso, se na le likaroloana tsa protheine tse 95%. Leha ho le joalo, ka linako tse ling bahlahisi ba sa tšepahaleng ba qhekella ka ho fana ka motsoako oa ho itšehla thajana, ho tsepamisa mohopolo, hydrolyzate e le protheine ea whey. Ka hona, ho hlophisoa ha tlatsetso ho lokela ho hlahlojoa ka hloko, moo ho itšehla thajana e lokelang ho ba eona feela karolo. Hydrolyzate ke mofuta o theko e boima ka ho fetisisa oa protheine ea whey, e loketseng ho monya hang-hang mme e kenella ka potlako liseleng tsa mesifa. Casein, ha e kena ka mpeng, e fetoha lesela, le arohanang nako e telele (ligrama tse 4-6 ka hora). Ka lebaka la thepa ena, protheine e kenyelelitsoe liforomong tsa masea, kaha e kena 'meleng ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng le ka ho lekana, ha phallo e matla ea li-amino acid e lebisa ho kheloha kholong ea lesea.
3. Moroho. Ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore liprotheine tse lihlahisoa tse joalo ha lia phethahala, ha li kopane hammoho li theha protheine e feletseng (motsoako o motle ka ho fetisisa ke li-legumes + lijo-thollo). Barekisi ba ka sehloohong ba thepa ea ho haha ​​​​ea limela ke lihlahisoa tsa soya tse loantšang lefu la masapo, li khotsofatsa 'mele ka livithamine E, B, phosphorus, tšepe, potasiamo, zinki. Ha e jeoa, protheine ea soya e theola maemo a k'holeseterole, e rarolla mathata a amanang le ho atolosoa ha tšoelesa ea senya, 'me e fokotsa kotsi ea ho ba le li-neoplasms tse kotsi matsoeleng. E bontšoa ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho se mamelle lihlahisoa tsa lebese. Bakeng sa tlhahiso ea li-additives, soya isolate (e na le protheine ea 90%), concentrate ea soya (70%), phofo ea soya (50%) e sebelisoa. Sekhahla sa ho monya protheine ke ligrama tse 4 ka hora. Melemo ea amino acid e kenyelletsa: ts'ebetso ea estrogenic (ka lebaka la sena, motsoako ha oa lokela ho nkoa ke banna ka tekanyo e kholo, kaha ho se sebetse ha bana ho ka etsahala), ho ba teng ha trypsin, e fokotsang tšilo ea lijo. Limela tse nang le phytoestrogens (lik'hemik'hale tse seng tsa steroidal tse tšoanang le sebopeho sa li-hormone tsa thobalano): folaxe, licorice, hop, clover e khubelu, lesere, morara o mofubelu. Protheine ea meroho e boetse e fumanoa meroho le litholoana (k'habeche, likharenate, liapole, lihoete), lijo-thollo le linaoa (raese, lesere, lentile, peo ea folaxe, oats, koro, soya, harese), lino (biri, bourbon). Hangata lipapaling Lijo li sebelisa protheine ea pea. Ke sebaka se hloekisitsoeng haholo se nang le palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea amino acid arginine (8,7% ka gram ea protheine) e amanang le whey, soy, casein le lisebelisoa tsa lehe. Ho feta moo, protheine ea pea e ruile ka glutamine, lysine. Palo ea BCAA ho eona e fihla ho 18%. Hoa thahasellisa hore protheine ea raese e ntlafatsa melemo ea hypoallergenic pea protheine, e sebelisoang lijong tsa batho ba ratang lijo tse tala, baatlelete le batho ba jang meroho.
4. Nama. Palo ea protheine ho eona e fihla ho 85%, eo 35% ea eona e leng li-amino acid tse ke keng tsa nkeloa sebaka. Protheine ea nama e khetholloa ke mafura a zero, e na le boemo bo phahameng ba ho monya.
5. Litlhapi. Motsoako ona o khothaletsoa hore o sebelisoe ke motho ea tloaelehileng. Empa ha ho ratehe haholo hore baatlelete ba sebelise protheine ho koahela litlhoko tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, kaha protheine ea tlhapi e itšehla thajana e oela ho li-amino acid tse bolelele ba makhetlo a 3 ho feta casein.

Kahoo, ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele, ho fumana boima ba mesifa, ha ho sebetsa ka liphallelo ho khothalletsoa ho sebelisa liprotheine tse rarahaneng. Li fana ka bongata ba li-amino acid hang ka mor'a ho ja.

Baatlelete ba batenya ba tloaetseng ho theha mafura ba lokela ho khetha 50-80% ea protheine e liehang ho feta protheine e potlakileng. Ketso ea bona e kholo e lebisitsoe ho phepo ea nako e telele ea mesifa.

Ho monya Casein ho butle ho feta protheine ea whey. Ka lebaka la sena, bongata ba li-amino acid maling bo eketseha butle-butle mme bo bolokoa bo le boemong bo phahameng ka lihora tse 7. Ho fapana le casein, protheine ea whey e kenngoa ka potlako haholo 'meleng, e leng se etsang hore ho be le tokollo e matla ea motsoako ka nako e khutšoanyane (halofo ea hora). Ka hona, ho kgothaletswa ho e nka ho thibela catabolism ea liprotheine tsa mesifa hang-hang pele le hang ka mor'a ho ikoetlisa.

Boemo ba mahareng bo tshwerwe ke bosweu ba lehe. Ho tlatsa mali hang ka mor'a boikoetliso le ho boloka protheine e ngata ka mor'a ho ikoetlisa ka matla, ho kenngoa ha eona ho lokela ho kopanngoa le whey isolate, amino acid haufinyane. Motsoako ona oa liprotheine tse tharo o felisa mefokolo ea karolo ka 'ngoe, o kopanya litšobotsi tsohle tse ntle. Ka ho fetisisa e lumellana le protheine ea soya ea whey.

Boleng bakeng sa motho

Karolo eo liprotheine li e phethang linthong tse phelang e khōlō hoo ho batlang ho se bonolo ho nahana ka mosebetsi o mong le o mong, empa ka bokhutšoanyane re tla totobatsa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ho tsona.

1. Tšireletso (ea 'mele, ea lik'hemik'hale, ea ho itšireletsa mafung). Liprotheine li sireletsa 'mele liphellong tse kotsi tsa likokoana-hloko, chefo, libaktheria, ho etsa hore mochine oa antibody synthesis. Ha liprotheine tse sireletsang li sebelisana le lintho tse tsoang linaheng tse ling, ketso ea likokoana-hloko ea likokoana-hloko e fokotsehile. Ho phaella moo, liprotheine li kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea fibrinogen coagulation ka plasma ea mali, e leng se tlatsetsang ho thehoa ha leqeba le ho thibela leqeba. Ka lebaka la sena, haeba ho senyeha ha sekoahelo sa 'mele, protheine e sireletsa' mele ho lahleheloa ke mali.
2. catalytic. Li-enzyme tsohle, tseo ho thoeng ke li-biological catalysts, ke liprotheine.
3. Lipalangoang. Ntho e ka sehloohong e tsamaisang oksijene ke hemoglobin, protheine ea mali. Ho feta moo, mefuta e meng ea li-amino acid ha e ntse e sebetsa e etsa metsoako e nang le livithamine, lihomone, mafura, ho netefatsa hore li fetisetsoa liseleng, litho tsa ka hare le lisele.
4. E nang le phepo e nepahetseng. Seo ho thoeng ke liprotheine tsa polokelo (casein, albumin) ke mehloli ea lijo bakeng sa ho thehoa le ho hōla ha lesea le ka pōpelong.
5. Hormonal. Boholo ba lihomone tse 'meleng oa motho (adrenaline, norepinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon, insulin, corticotropin, somatotropin) ke liprotheine.
6. Ho aha Keratin - karolo ea mantlha ea sebopeho sa moriri, collagen - lithane tse hokahaneng, elastin - marako a methapo ea mali. Liprotheine tsa cytoskeleton li fana ka sebōpeho ho organelles le lisele. Bongata ba liprotheine tsa sebopeho ke filamentous.
7. Motor. Actin le myosin (liprotheine tsa mesifa) li ameha ho khatholohong le ho honyeng ha mesifa ea mesifa. Liprotheine li laola phetolelo, splicing, matla a gene transcription, hammoho le mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa lisele ka potoloho. Liprotheine tsa motlakase li ikarabella bakeng sa ho sisinyeha ha 'mele, ho sisinyeha ha lisele tsa molek'hule (cilia, flagella, leukocyte), lipalangoang tsa intracellular (kinesin, dynein).
8. Letshwao. Mosebetsi ona o etsoa ke li-cytokine, mabaka a ho hōla, liprotheine tsa hormone. Ba fetisa lipontšo pakeng tsa litho, lintho tse phelang, lisele, lisele.
9. Moamoheli. Karolo e 'ngoe ea receptor ea protheine e fumana lets'oao le khopisang, e' ngoe e arabela ebe e khothaletsa liphetoho tse lumellanang. Ka hona, metsoako e etsa hore lik'hemik'hale li sebetse, li tlama limolek'hule tse kopanyang li-intracellular, li sebetsa e le mechine ea ion.

Ntle le mesebetsi e kaholimo, liprotheine li laola boemo ba pH ba tikoloho ea kahare, li sebetsa joalo ka mohloli oa polokelo ea matla, li netefatsa nts'etsopele, ho ikatisa ha 'mele, ho theha bokhoni ba ho nahana.

Ha li kopantsoe le triglycerides, liprotheine li ameha ho thehoeng ha lisele tsa lisele, tse nang le lik'habohaedreite ho hlahisa liphiri.

Protheine tswakana

Protein synthesis ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng e etsahalang ka har'a likaroloana tsa ribonucleoprotein tsa sele (ribosomes). Liprotheine li fetoloa ho tloha ho li-amino acid le li-macromolecules tlas'a taolo ea boitsebiso bo kentsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso (ka har'a nucleus ea sele).

Protheine e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le masala a enzyme, a laoloang ke tatellano ea nucleotide ea genome e kenyelletsang karolo ena ea sele. Kaha DNA e tsepamisitsoe khubung ea sele, 'me motsoako oa liprotheine o etsahala ka har'a cytoplasm, tlhahisoleseding e tsoang khoutu ea mohopolo oa likokoana-hloko ho ea ho ribosomes e fetisoa ke mokena-lipakeng ea khethehileng ea bitsoang mRNA.

Protein biosynthesis e etsahala ka mekhahlelo e tšeletseng.

1. Ho fetisoa ha tlhahisoleseding ho tloha ho DNA ho ea ho i-RNA (transcription). Liseleng tsa prokaryotic, ho ngoloa bocha ha liphatsa tsa lefutso ho qala ka ho lemoha tatellano e khethehileng ea DNA ea nucleotide ka enzyme ea RNA polymerase.
2. Ts'ebetso ea li-amino acid. "Selelekela" se seng le se seng sa protheine, se sebelisang matla a ATP, se hokahanngoa ke li-covalent bond le molek'hule ea RNA ea lipalangoang (t-RNA). Ka nako e ts'oanang, t-RNA e na le li-nucleotide tse kopantsoeng ka tatellano - li-anticodon, tse khethollang mofuta oa lefutso (triplet-codon) ea amino acid e entsoeng.
3. Protheine e tlamang ho ribosomes (ho qala). Molek'hule ea i-RNA e nang le tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le protheine e itseng e hokahane le karoloana e nyenyane ea ribosome le amino acid e qalang e khomaretsoeng ho t-RNA e lumellanang. Tabeng ena, li-macromolecules tsa lipalangoang li lumellana ka bobeli le i-RNA triplet, e bontšang tšimoloho ea ketane ea protheine.
4. Elongation ea ketane ea polypeptide (elongation). Ho bokellana ha likotoana tsa protheine ho etsahala ka ho eketsoa ka tatellano ea li-amino acid ho ketane, e isoa ho ribosome ho sebelisoa RNA ea lipalangoang. Nakong ena, sebopeho sa ho qetela sa protheine se thehoa.
5. Emisa tlhahiso ea ketane ea polypeptide (ho felisoa). Ho phethoa ha kaho ea protheine ho bontšoa ke triplet e khethehileng ea mRNA, ka mor'a moo polypeptide e lokolloa ho ribosome.
6. Ho phutha le ho sebetsa ha protheine. Ho amohela sebopeho sa sebopeho sa polypeptide, e ikemela ka boithatelo, e etsa sebopeho sa eona sa sebaka. Kamora ho qaptjoa ho ribosome, protheine e kena phetohong ea lik'hemik'hale (ho sebetsa) ke li-enzyme, haholo-holo, phosphorylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, le tyrosine.

Liprotheine tse sa tsoa thehoa li na le likhechana tsa polypeptide qetellong, tse sebetsang e le matšoao a lebisang lintho sebakeng sa tšusumetso.

Phetoho ea liprotheine e laoloa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa opareitara, tseo, hammoho le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa sebopeho, li theha sehlopha sa enzymatic se bitsoang operon. Tsamaiso ena e laoloa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa taolo ka thuso ea ntho e khethehileng, eo ba e kopanyang, ha ho hlokahala. Tšebelisano ea ntho ena le opareitara e lebisa ho thibela liphatsa tsa lefutso tse laolang, 'me ka lebaka leo, ho felisoa ha operon. Letšoao la ho qala ts'ebetso ea sistimi ke karabelo ea ntho e nang le likaroloana tsa inductor.

Sekhahla sa letsatsi le letsatsi

Joalokaha u ka bona, tlhoko ea 'mele ea liprotheine e itšetlehile ka lilemo, bong, boemo ba' mele le boikoetliso. Ho haella ha protheine lijong ho lebisa tšitiso ea mosebetsi oa litho tsa ka hare.

Phapanyetsano 'meleng oa motho

Protein metabolism ke sete sa lits'ebetso tse bonts'ang ts'ebetso ea liprotheine ka har'a 'mele: tšilo ea lijo, ho robeha, ho ts'oaroa ka har'a tšilo ea lijo, hammoho le ho nka karolo ho qaleng ha lintho tse ncha tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ehetso ea bophelo. Ka lebaka la hore protheine metabolism e laola, e kopanya, 'me e hokahanya likarolo tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa mehato e meholo e amehang phetohong ea liprotheine.

Sebete se bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho metabolism ea peptide. Haeba setho sa ho sefa se khaotsa ho kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ena, joale ka mor'a matsatsi a 7 ho hlaha phello e bolaeang.

Tatellano ea phallo ea lits'ebetso tsa metabolic.

1. Amino acid deamination. Ts'ebetso ena ea hlokahala ho fetola liprotheine tse feteletseng ho ba mafura le lik'habohaedreite. Nakong ea karabelo ea enzymatic, li-amino acid li fetoloa hore e be li-keto acid tse lumellanang, li etsa ammonia, e leng sehlahisoa sa ho bola. The deanimation ea 90% ea metsoako ea protheine e etsahala sebeteng, 'me maemong a mang ka liphio. Mokhelo ke branched chain amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine), e kenang metabolism ka har'a mesifa ea skeleton.
2. Sebopeho sa urea. Ammonia, e ileng ea lokolloa nakong ea ho tlosoa ha li-amino acid, e chefo 'meleng oa motho. Ho se nke lehlakore ha ntho e chefo ho etsahala sebeteng tlas'a tšusumetso ea li-enzyme tse e fetolang hore e be uric acid. Ka mor'a moo, urea e kena ka har'a liphio, ho tloha moo e tsoang teng hammoho le moroto. Karolo e setseng ea molek'hule, e se nang naetrojene, e fetoloa glucose, e ntšang matla ha e robeha.
3. Liphetoho lipakeng tsa mefuta e ka nkeloang sebaka ea li-amino acid. Ka lebaka la karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale ka har'a sebete (ho fokotsa amination, transamination ea keto acids, amino acid transformation), sebopeho sa liprotheine tse ka nkeloang sebaka le tse hlokahalang ka maemo, tse lefellang khaello ea tsona ea lijo.
4. Synthesis of plasma proteins. Almost all blood proteins, with the exception of globulins, are formed in the liver. The most important of them and predominant in quantitative terms are albumins and blood coagulation factors. The process of protein digestion in the digestive tract occurs through the sequential action of proteolytic enzymes on them to give the breakdown products the ability to be absorbed into the blood through the intestinal wall.

Ho senyeha ha liprotheine ho qala ka mpeng tlas'a tšusumetso ea lero la gastric (pH 1,5-2), e nang le enzyme pepsin, e potlakisang hydrolysis ea maqhama a peptide pakeng tsa amino acid. Ka mor'a moo, tšilo ea lijo e tsoela pele ka duodenum le jejunum, moo lero la pancreatic le mala (pH 7,2-8,2) le nang le li-precursors tsa enzyme tse sa sebetseng (trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase) li kena. Lera la mala le hlahisa enzyme ea enteropeptidase, e etsang hore liprotheine tsena li sebetse. Lintho tsa proteolytic li boetse li fumaneha ka har'a lisele tsa mucosa ea mala, ke ka lebaka leo hydrolysis ea li-peptide tse nyane e hlahang kamora ho monya ha ho qetela.

Ka lebaka la liketso tse joalo, 95-97% ea liprotheine li arotsoe ka li-amino acid tse sa lefelloeng, tse kenngoa ka maleng a manyenyane. Ka khaello kapa ts'ebetso e tlase ea li-protease, protheine e sa tsitsang e kena ka maleng a maholo, moo e kenang mekhoa ea ho bola.

khaello ea protheine

Liprotheine ke sehlopha sa lik'hemik'hale tse nang le limolek'hule tse nang le naetrojene e ngata, e leng karolo e sebetsang le ea sebopeho sa bophelo ba motho. Ha ho nahanoa hore liprotheine li ikarabella bakeng sa kaho ea lisele, lisele, litho tsa 'mele, motsoako oa hemoglobin, li-enzyme, lihomone tsa peptide, mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa karabelo ea metabolic, khaello ea bona ea lijo e baka tšitiso ea ts'ebetso ea litsamaiso tsohle tsa' mele.

Matšoao a khaello ea protheine:

• hypotension le dystrophy ea mesifa;
• bokooa;
• ho fokotsa botenya ba lesaka la letlalo, haholo-holo holim'a mesifa ea triceps ea lehetla;
• tahlehelo ea boima bo feteletseng;
• mokhathala kelellong le 'meleng;
• ho ruruha (ho ipatile, ebe ho hlakile);
• serame;
• ho fokotseha ha turgor ea letlalo, ka lebaka leo e fetohang e omme, e flabby, e senyang, e sosobaneng;
• ho senyeha ha boemo bo sebetsang ba moriri (tahlehelo, ho fokotseha, ho omella);
• takatso ea lijo e fokotsehileng;
• pholiso e mpe ea maqeba;
• boikutlo bo sa feleng ba tlala kapa lenyora;
• ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng ea kelello (ho hopola, ho ela hloko);
• ho hloka boima ba 'mele (ho bana).

Hopola, matšoao a mofuta o fokolang oa khaello ea protheine a ka ’na a ba sieo ka nako e telele kapa a ka ’na a pateha.

Leha ho le joalo, karolo leha e le efe ea khaello ea protheine e tsamaisana le ho fokotseha ha tšireletso ea lisele le ho eketseha ha monyetla oa ho tšoaetsoa mafu.

Ka lebaka leo, bakuli ba atisa ho tšoaroa ke mafu a matšoafo, pneumonia, gastroenteritis le pathologies ea litho tsa moroto. Ka khaello ea nako e telele ea metsoako ea naetrojene, ho hlaha mofuta o matla oa khaello ea protheine-eneji, e tsamaeang le ho fokotseha ha molumo oa myocardium, atrophy ea lithane tse ka tlas'a letlalo, le khatello ea maikutlo ea sebaka sa intercostal.

Litlamorao tsa mofuta o matla oa khaello ea protheine:

• ho otla butle;
• ho senyeha ha ho monya ha protheine le lintho tse ling ka lebaka la ho haella ha li-enzyme;
• ho fokotseha ha molumo oa pelo;
• khaello ea mali;
• tlōlo ea ho kenngoa ha lehe;
• ho lieha ho hōla (ho masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa);
• mathata a ts'ebetso ea litšoelesa tsa endocrine;
• ho se leka-lekane ha li-hormone;
• immunodeficiency e re;
• ho mpefala ha mekhoa ea ho ruruha ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle ha lintho tse sireletsang (interferon le lysozyme);
• ho fokotseha ha lebelo la ho hema.

Ho haella ha protheine lijong tsa lijo haholo-holo ho ama 'mele oa bana hampe: khōlo e lieha, ho thehoa ha masapo hoa khathatseha, tsoelo-pele ea kelello e lieha.

Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea khaello ea protheine ho bana:

1. Bohlanya (khaello ea protheine e ommeng). Lefu lena le khetholloa ke ho fokola ho matla ha mesifa le lisele tse ka tlas'a letlalo (ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea liprotheine), ho lieha ho hōla, le ho lahleheloa ke boima ba 'mele. Ka nako e ts'oanang, boikhohomoso, bo hlakileng kapa bo patehileng, ha bo eo ho 95% ea linyeoe.
2. Kwashiorkor (khaello ea protheine e ka thoko). Boemong ba pele, ngoana o na le ho hloka thahasello, ho teneha, lethargy. Ebe ho fokotseha ha kholo, hypotension ea mesifa, ho senyeha ha mafura sebeteng, le ho fokotseha ha turgor ea lisele. Hammoho le sena, edema e hlaha, ho pata boima ba 'mele, hyperpigmentation ea letlalo, ho phunya likarolo tse itseng tsa' mele, le moriri o mosesaane. Hangata, ka kwashiorkor, ho hlatsa, letšollo, anorexia, 'me maemong a matla, ho hlaha koma kapa ho hlonama, hoo hangata ho qetellang ka lefu.

Hammoho le sena, bana le batho ba baholo ba ka ba le mefuta e tsoakaneng ea khaello ea protheine.

Mabaka a nts'etsopele ea khaello ea protheine

Mabaka a ka bakang khaello ea protheine ke:

• ho se leka-lekane hoa boleng kapa bongata ba phepo e nepahetseng (lijo, tlala, lijo tse nang le protheine, lijo tse fokolang);
• mathata a congenital metabolism ea amino acid;
• tahlehelo ea protheine e eketsehileng ho tsoa morotong;
• khaello ea nako e telele ea li-trace elements;
• tlolo ea protheine synthesis ka lebaka la li-pathologies tse sa foleng tsa sebete;
• bokhoba ba tahi, bokhoba ba lithethefatsi;
• ho chesa haholo, ho tsoa mali, mafu a tšoaetsanoang;
• ho monya ha protheine ka mpeng.

Khaello ea protheine ea matla ke ea mefuta e 'meli: ea mantlha le ea bobeli. Bothata ba pele bo bakoa ke ho ja lijo tse sa lekaneng 'meleng,' me ea bobeli - ka lebaka la mathata a ts'ebetso kapa ho noa lithethefatsi tse thibelang tlhahiso ea li-enzyme.

Ka mohato o bonolo le o leka-lekaneng oa khaello ea protheine (ea mantlha), ho bohlokoa ho felisa lisosa tse ka bang teng tsa nts'etsopele ea pathology. Ho etsa sena, eketsa lijo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa protheine (ho ea ka boima ba 'mele bo nepahetseng), laela ho noa li-multivitamin complexes. Ha ho se na meno kapa ho fokotseha ha takatso ea lijo, metsoako ea limatlafatsi tsa metsi e sebelisoa hape bakeng sa lipatlisiso kapa ho iphepa. Haeba khaello ea protheine e rarahane ke letšollo, joale ho molemo hore bakuli ba fane ka metsoako ea yogurt. Ha ho joalo ha ho kgothaletswe ho ja lihlahisoa tsa lebese ka lebaka la ho se khonehe ha 'mele ho sebetsana le lactose.

Mefuta e matla ea ho haella ha bobeli e hloka phekolo ea mokuli, kaha tlhahlobo ea laboratori ea hlokahala ho fumana lefu lena. Ho hlakisa sesosa sa lefu lena, boemo ba "soluble interleukin-2 receptor" maling kapa protheine ea C-reactive e lekantsoe. Plasma albumin, li-antigen tsa letlalo, palo eohle ea li-lymphocyte, le CD4+ T-lymphocyte le tsona li lekoa ho thusa ho netefatsa histori le ho fumana tekanyo ea ho se sebetse ha mosebetsi.

Lintho tse ka sehloohong tsa phekolo ke ho khomarela lijo tse laoloang, ho lokisoa ha metsi le ho leka-lekana ha electrolyte, ho felisoa ha mafu a tšoaetsanoang, ho tlatsa 'mele ka limatlafatsi. Ha ho nahanoa hore khaello ea bobeli ea protheine e ka thibela pheko ea lefu lena le entseng hore nts'etsopele ea lona e be teng, maemong a mang, phepo ea batsoali kapa tube e laetsoe ka metsoako e kopaneng. Ka nako e ts'oanang, kalafo ea vithamine e sebelisoa ka litekanyetso tse habeli ho feta tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea motho ea phetseng hantle.

Haeba mokuli a e-na le anorexia kapa sesosa sa ho se sebetse ha sea tsejoa, lithethefatsi tse eketsang takatso ea lijo li sebelisoa hape. Ho eketsa boima ba mesifa, tšebeliso ea anabolic steroids e amoheleha (tlas'a tlhokomelo ea ngaka). Ho tsosolosoa ha protheine ho leka-lekana ho batho ba baholo ho etsahala butle-butle, ho feta likhoeli tse 6-9. Ho bana, nako ea ho hlaphoheloa ka ho feletseng e nka likhoeli tse 3-4.

Hopola, bakeng sa ho thibela khaello ea protheine, ho bohlokoa ho kenyelletsa lihlahisoa tsa protheine ea limela le liphoofolo lijong tsa hau letsatsi ka leng.

Ho overdose

Ho ja lijo tse nang le protheine e ngata ho feta tekano ho na le phello e mpe bophelong ba motho. Ho feta tekano ea protheine lijong ha ho kotsi ho feta ho haella ha eona.

Matšoao a mantlha a protheine e feteletseng 'meleng:

• ho mpefala ha mathata a liphio le sebete;
• tahlehelo ea takatso ea lijo, ho hema;
• ho halefa ho eketsehileng ha methapo;
• phallo e ngata ea ho ilela khoeli (ho basali);
• bothata ba ho tlosa boima bo feteletseng;
• mathata le tsamaiso ea pelo;
• ho bola hoa maleng.

U ka tseba ho tlōla ha protheine metabolism ka ho leka-lekanya naetrojene. Haeba palo ea naetrojene e nkiloeng le e ntšitsoeng e lekana, ho boleloa hore motho o na le tekanyo e ntle. Ho leka-lekana ho fosahetseng ho bontša ho ja lijo tse sa lekaneng kapa ho monya hampe ha protheine, e leng se lebisang ho chesoeng ha protheine ea hau. Ketsahalo ena e baka nts'etsopele ea mokhathala.

Ho fetella hanyenyane ha protheine lijong, tse hlokahalang ho boloka tekano e tloaelehileng ea naetrojene, ha ho kotsi bophelong ba motho. Tabeng ena, li-amino acid tse feteletseng li sebelisoa e le mohloli oa matla. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho se na boikoetliso ba 'mele bakeng sa batho ba bangata, ho ja liprotheine tse fetang 1,7 dikgerama ka kilogram e le' ngoe ea boima ba 'mele ho thusa ho fetola protheine e feteletseng hore e be metsoako ea nitrogenous (urea), tsoekere, e tlamehang ho ntšoa ke liphio. Palo e feteletseng ea karolo ea moaho e lebisa ho thehoeng ha karabelo ea asiti ea 'mele, keketseho ea tahlehelo ea calcium. Ho phaella moo, protheine ea liphoofolo hangata e na le li-purines, tse ka kenngoa manonyeletsong, e leng selelekela sa tsoelo-pele ea gout.

Ho ba le protheine e feteletseng 'meleng oa motho ke ntho e sa tloaelehang haholo. Kajeno, lijong tse tloaelehileng, liprotheine tsa maemo a holimo (amino acid) li haella haholo.

LBH

Melemo le mefokolo ea liprotheine tsa liphoofolo le limela ke life?

Monyetla o ka sehloohong oa mehloli ea liphoofolo tsa protheine ke hore e na le li-amino acid tse hlokahalang bakeng sa 'mele, haholo-holo ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng. Mefokolo ea protheine e joalo ke ho fumana palo e feteletseng ea karolo ea mohaho, e leng makhetlo a 2-3 ho tloaelehileng letsatsi le leng le le leng. Ho phaella moo, lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho ea liphoofolo hangata li na le likarolo tse kotsi (lihomone, lithibela-mafu, mafura, k'holeseterole), tse bakang chefo ea 'mele ka lihlahisoa tse bolileng, li hlatsoa "calcium" masapong, li baka mojaro o eketsehileng sebeteng.

Liprotheine tsa meroho li kenngoa hantle ke 'mele. Ha li na metsoako e kotsi e tlisoang ke liprotheine tsa liphoofolo. Leha ho le joalo, liprotheine tsa limela ha li na litšitiso tsa tsona. Lihlahisoa tse ngata (ntle le soya) li kopantsoe le mafura (ka lipeo), li na le sete e sa fellang ea li-amino acid tsa bohlokoa.

Ke protheine efe e monyang ka ho fetisisa 'meleng oa motho?

1. Lehe, tekanyo ea ho monya e fihla ho 95 - 100%.
2. Lebese, chisi - 85 - 95%.
3. Nama, tlhapi - 80 - 92%.
4. Soya - 60 - 80%.
5. Lijo-thollo - 50 - 80%.
6. Linaoa - 40 - 60%.

Phapang ena e bakoa ke taba ea hore tšilo ea lijo ha e hlahise li-enzyme tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho senyeha ha mefuta eohle ea protheine.

Litlhahiso tsa ho ja protheine ke life?

1. Koahela litlhoko tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa 'mele.
2. Netefatsa hore metsoako e fapaneng ea protheine e kena le lijo.
3. U se ke ua sebelisa hampe ho ja liprotheine tse ngata ka nako e telele.
4. U se ke ua ja lijo tse nang le protheine e ngata bosiu.
5. Kopanya liprotheine tsa tlhaho ea meroho le liphoofolo. Sena se tla ntlafatsa ho monya ha bona.
6. Bakeng sa baatlelete pele ba ikoetlisa ho hlōla meroalo e phahameng, ho kgothaletswa ho noa protheine e nang le protheine e ngata. Ka mor'a sehlopha, gainer e thusa ho tlatsa mehloli ea limatlafatsi. Tlatsetso ea lipapali e phahamisa boemo ba lik'habohaedreite, li-amino acid 'meleng, e susumetsang ho hlaphoheloa ka potlako ha lisele tsa mesifa.
7. Liprotheine tsa liphoofolo li lokela ho etsa 50% ea lijo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi.
8. Ho tlosa lihlahisoa tsa protheine metabolism, ho hlokahala metsi a mangata ho feta ho senyeha le ho sebetsa ha likarolo tse ling tsa lijo. Ho qoba ho felloa ke metsi 'meleng, o hloka ho noa lilithara tse 1,5-2 tsa metsi a se nang carbonate ka letsatsi. Ho boloka ho leka-lekana ha letsoai la metsi, baatlelete ba khothalletsoa ho noa lilithara tse 3 tsa metsi.

Ke protheine e kae e ka siloang ka nako?

Har'a batšehetsi ba ho fepa khafetsa, ho na le maikutlo a hore ha ho na ligrama tse fetang 30 tsa protheine e ka kenngoa ka lijo. Ho lumeloa hore molumo o moholo o jara tšilo ea lijo 'me ha e khone ho sebetsana ka katleho le tšilo ea sehlahisoa. Leha ho le joalo, sena hase letho haese tšōmo feela.

'Mele oa motho ka setulo se le seng o khona ho hlola ligrama tse fetang 200 tsa protheine. Karolo ea protheine e tla ea ho kenya letsoho lits'ebetsong tsa anabolic kapa SMP mme e tla bolokoa e le glycogen. Ntho e ka sehloohong eo u lokelang ho e hopola ke hore ha protheine e ngata e kena 'meleng, e tla cheka nako e telele, empa tsohle li tla kenngoa.

Palo e feteletseng ea liprotheine e lebisa ho eketseha ha mafura a mafura ka har'a sebete, ho eketseha ha thabo ea litšoelesa tsa endocrine le tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa ho bola, 'me ho na le phello e mpe ho liphio.

fihlela qeto e

Liprotheine ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea lisele tsohle, lisele, litho tsa 'mele oa motho. Liprotheine li ikarabella bakeng sa taolo, likoloi, lipalangoang, matla le mesebetsi ea metabolism. Metsoako e ameha ho monyeng ha liminerale, livithamine, mafura, lik'habohaedreite, ho eketsa tšireletso ea 'mele le ho sebetsa e le thepa ea mohaho bakeng sa mesifa ea mesifa.

Ho ja protheine ea letsatsi le letsatsi e lekaneng (sheba Lethathamo la 2 "Litlhoko tsa Batho bakeng sa Protheine") ke senotlolo sa ho boloka bophelo bo botle le bophelo bo botle letsatsi lohle.