Mokhoa o hokahantsoeng oa enzyme immunoabsorption assay - ka Senyesemane Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay - kapa tlhahlobo ea ELISA ke teko ea sesole sa 'mele e lumellang ho fumanoa kapa ho lekoa ha limolek'hule sampoleng ea baeloji. E ile ea nahanoa le ho ntlafatsoa ke bo-ramahlale ba babeli ba Sweden, Peter Perlmann le Eva Engvall Univesithing ea Stockholm ka 1971.

Limolek'hule tse hlahlobiloeng ke mokhoa oa ELISA hangata ke liprotheine. 'Me mefuta ea lisampole e kenyelletsa mokelikeli oa lintho tse phelang - plasma, serum, moroto, mofufutso -, mecha ea litaba ea cell culture, kapa protheine e nchafalitsoeng - protheine e hlahisoang ke sele eo liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa eona li fetotsoeng ka ho kopanya liphatsa tsa lefutso - e hloekisitsoeng ho ba tharollo.

Teko ea ELISA e sebelisoa haholo ho immunology ho bona le / kapa ho lekanya boteng ba liprotheine, li-antibodies kapa li-antigen sampole. Teko ena ea serological e lemoha ka ho khetheha li-antibodies tse hlahisoang ke 'mele ho arabela tšilafalo ea vaerase.

Tšebeliso ea li-antibodies bakeng sa ho hlahloba mafu a tšoaetsanoang e emela mokhoa o itseng le o potlakileng. Mokhoa oa ELISA ke mokhoa oa immuno-enzymatic o etsang hore ho khonehe ho bona ka mahlo, ho tsoa sampoleng ea baeloji, karabelo lipakeng tsa antigen - 'mele o nkuoang e le osele ke sebōpuoa se phelang - le antibody e sebelisang karabelo ea mebala e hlahisoang ke letšoao la enzyme - ka kakaretso alkaline phosphatase le peroxidase - tse neng li kopantsoe pele le lesole la 'mele. Boitšoaro ba 'mala bo tiisa ho tsebahatsoa ha baktheria e ka thōko kapa boteng ba kokoana-hloko e lakatsehang 'me matla a 'mala a fana ka pontšo ea palo ea li-antigen kapa li-antibodies sampuling e fanoeng.

Ho na le mefuta e mene ea mantlha ea tlhahlobo ea ELISA:

• ELISA ka ho toba, e etsa hore ho khonehe ho lemoha kapa ho lekanya li-antibodies. E sebelisa feela antibody ea mantlha;
• ELISA ka kotloloho, e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa, e boetse e etsa hore ho khonehe ho lemoha kapa ho lekola li-antibodies. E sebelisa antibody ea bobeli e fanang ka maikutlo a molemo ho feta ELISA e tobileng;
• ELISA tlholisanong, e lumella litekanyetso tsa li-antigen. E hlahisoa ke tlhōlisano bakeng sa litlamo, ha e sebelise enzyme;
• ELISA "ka sandwich", e lumella litekanyetso tsa li-antigen. Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa hangata liphuputsong.

Teko ea ELISA e sebelisetsoa:

• Fumana le ho lekanya li-antibodies ho serology bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang: virology, parasitology, bacteriology, joalo-joalo;
• Liprotheine tsa lethal dose maemong a tlase: litekanyetso tse itseng tsa liprotheine tse itseng tsa plasma (immunoglobulin E (IgE), ferritin, lihomone tsa protheine, joalo-joalo), matšoao a tumor, joalo-joalo;
• Sebelisa limolek'hule tse nyane: lihomone tsa steroid, lihomone tsa qoqotho, lithethefatsi ...

Teko ea ELISA e sebelisoa ka ho khetheha ho hlahloba mafu a mangata a tšoaetsanoang:

Maloetse a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano (STDs)

Ho kenyelletsa lefu la sebete, syphilis, chlamydia le HIV. E khothalelitsoe ke balaoli ba bophelo bo botle, ke teko e kholo ea tlhahlobo ea AIDS: e bonts'a boteng ba li-anti-HIV le antigen ea p24 libeke tse tšeletseng ka mor'a tšoaetso.

Mafu a libaka kapa a tloaelehileng

Yellow fever, lefu la kokoana-hloko ea Marburg (MVM), Ladengue, lefu la Lyme, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Ebola, Lassa fever, joalo-joalo.

Covid-19

E tlameha ho etsoa libeke tse fetang 2 ho isa ho tse 3 kamora ho qala ha matšoao, tlhahlobo ea ELISA e etsa hore ho khonehe ho tseba, ka nako e ka tlase ho hora, boteng ba li-antibodies tsa SARS-CoV-2.

Likokoana-hloko tse bakang tšoaetso ea bokhachane

Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex mohlala.

Linyeoe tse ling

Empa o boetse o fumane lits'ebetso ho lemoha:

• Bakhachane;
• mafu a Autoimmune;
• Li-allergen tsa lijo: boikemisetso ba palo ea li-immunoglobulins E (IgE) kaofela li thusa ho hlahloba le ho phekola ho kula;
• Ho senyeha ha li-Hormonal;
• Matšoao a hlahala;
• Likokoana-hloko tsa limela;
• Le tse ling tse ngata

E le karolo ea ho sibolloa ha li-anti-SARS-CoV-2 li-antibodies, phuputso ea lifofane e entsoeng ka Phato 2020 ke Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Inserm le Univesithi ea Paris e tiisa ho ts'epahala ha tlhahlobo ea ELISA: liteko tsa ELISA ka bobeli li lekoa. protheine eohle ea N ea SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA N) kapa sebaka sa extracellular sa virus spike (S) e le li-antigen tse hlakotsoeng. Mokhoa ona o ka etsa hore ho khonehe ho khetholla li-antibodies maemong a fetang 90%, ka sekhahla se tlase haholo sa 1%.

Ho etsoa tlhahlobo ea lilaboratori mabapi le lengolo la ngaka, liteko tsa Elisa li bitsa li-euro tse ka bang 10 mme li buseletsoa ka 100% ke Inshorense ea Bophelo.

E entsoe ka tlhahisoleseling ea mahala, litsing tsa tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo ea mafu (CeGIDD), li ka lokoloha bakeng sa HIV le SARS-CoV-2.