Puisano leha e le efe ea phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e tlamehile ho supa ’nete ea hore tšebeliso ea matla a tsosolositsoeng e ka thibela liphello tse mpe ka ho fetisisa tsa ho futhumala ha lefatše. Lebaka ke hore mehloli ea matla a tsosolositsoeng e kang letsatsi le moea ha e ntše carbon dioxide le likhase tse ling tse bakang ho futhumala ha lefatše.
Lilemong tse 150 tse fetileng, batho ba ’nile ba itšetleha haholo ka mashala, oli le libeso tse ling tsa mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale hore li fehle ntho e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ho tloha ka mabone ho isa likoloing le lifemeng. Ka lebaka leo, palo ea likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše tse ntšoang ha libeso tsena li chesoa e fihlile boemong bo phahameng ka ho ikhethang.
Ligase tse futhumatsang lefatše li koalla mocheso sepakapakeng oo ho seng joalo o neng o ka balehela sepakapakeng, 'me mocheso o tloaelehileng oa holim'a metsi oa phahama. Kahoo, ho futhumala ha lefatše ho etsahala, ho lateloe ke phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo, e boetseng e kenyelletsang maemo a leholimo a feteletseng, ho falla ha baahi le libaka tsa bolulo tsa liphoofolo tse hlaha, ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle le liketsahalo tse ling tse ngata.
Kahoo, tšebeliso ea mehloli ea matla a ka nchafatsoang e ka thibela liphetoho tse kotsi polaneteng ea rōna. Leha ho le joalo, ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore mehloli ea matla a ka nchafatsoang e bonahala e fumaneha ka linako tsohle ’me e batla e ke ke ea fela, hase kamehla e tšoarellang.
Mefuta ea mehloli ea matla a tsosolositsoeng
1. Metsi. Ka lilemo tse makholo, batho ba ’nile ba sebelisa matla a maqhubu a linōka ka ho haha matamo ho laola ho phalla ha metsi. Kajeno, motlakase o fehloang ka metsi ke mohloli o moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa matla a ka nchafatsoang, 'me China, Brazil, Canada, United States le Russia ke tsona tse hlahisang matla a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a fehloang ka metsi. Empa le hoja ho nahanoa hore metsi ke mohloli oa matla a hloekileng a tlatsoang ke pula le lehloa, indasteri e na le mathata a eona.
Matamo a maholo a ka senya tikoloho ea linōka, a senya liphoofolo tse hlaha, ’me a qobella baahi ba haufi hore ba falle. Hape, silt e ngata e bokellana libakeng tseo ho fehloang motlakase oa metsi, tse ka senyang tlhahiso le ho senya lisebelisoa.
Indasteri ea motlakase ka metsi e lula e le tlas'a tšokelo ea komello. Ho ea ka phuputso ea 2018, US e ka bophirimela e bile le lilemo tse 15 tsa tlhahiso ea carbon dioxide ho fihlela ho 100 megatons e phahameng ho feta e tloaelehileng ka lilemo tse XNUMX kaha lits'ebeletso li qobelletsoe ho sebelisa mashala le khase ho nkela matla a metsi a lahlehileng ka lebaka la komello. Hydropower ka boeona e amana ka kotloloho le bothata ba mesi e kotsi, kaha lintho tse bolang ka har'a matamo li ntša methane.
Empa matamo a linōka ha se eona feela tsela ea ho sebelisa metsi ho hlahisa matla: ho pota lefatše, limela tse fehlang matla a maqhubu le maqhubu li sebelisa morethetho oa tlhaho oa leoatle ho hlahisa matla. Merero ea matla a kantle ho leoatle hajoale e hlahisa li-megawate tse ka bang 500 tsa motlakase - e ka tlase ho peresente e le 'ngoe ea mehloli eohle ea matla a ka nchafatsoang - empa bokhoni ba eona bo holimo haholo.
2. Moea. Tšebeliso ea moea e le mohloli oa matla e qalile lilemo tse fetang 7000 tse fetileng. Hona joale, li-turbine tsa moea tse fehlang motlakase li fumaneha lefatšeng lohle. Ho tloha ka 2001 ho ya ho 2017, matla a koketso a ho fehla matla a moya lefatsheng ka bophara a eketsehile ka makgetlo a fetang 22.
Batho ba bang ha ba rate indasteri ea matla a moea hobane li-turbine tse telele tsa moea li senya botle le ho etsa lerata, empa ha ho na ho latola hore matla a moea ke mohloli oa bohlokoa e le kannete. Le hoja boholo ba matla a moea a tsoa ho li-turbine tse thehiloeng mobung, merero ea lebōpong la leoatle le eona e ntse e hlaha, boholo ba eona e UK le Jeremane.
Bothata bo bong ba mechine e fehloang ke moea ke hore e baka tšokelo ho linonyana le bo-’mankhane, ’me e bolaea mefuta ena e likete tse makholo selemo le selemo. Baenjiniere ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho hlahisa litharollo tse ncha bakeng sa indasteri ea matla a moea ho etsa hore li-turbine tsa moea li sireletsehe bakeng sa liphoofolo tse hlaha tse fofang.
3. Letsatsi. Matla a letsatsi a fetola mebaraka ea matla ho pota lefatše. Ho tloha 2007 ho isa 2017, palo eohle e kentsoeng lefats'eng ho tloha liphanele tsa letsatsi e eketsehile ka 4300%.
Mo godimo ga diphanele tsa letsatsi, tse di fetolang marang a letsatsi go nna motlakase, metšhine e e fetlhang motlakase mo letsatsing e dirisa diipone go tsenya mogote wa letsatsi, mme di ntsha maatla a a mogote. Chaena, Japane le US li etella pele phetohong ea letsatsi, empa indasteri e ntse e e-na le nako e telele ea ho tsamaea kaha hona joale e ikarabella hoo e ka bang liphesente tse peli tsa kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea motlakase ea US ka 2017. Matla a mocheso oa letsatsi a boetse a sebelisoa lefatšeng ka bophara bakeng sa metsi a chesang. , ho futhumatsa le ho tsidifatsa.
4. Biomass. Matla a biomass a kenyelletsa biofuel joalo ka ethanol le biodiesel, litšila tsa patsi le patsi, likhase tse qhalang mobu, le litšila tse tiileng tsa masepala. Joalo ka matla a letsatsi, biomass ke mohloli o feto-fetohang oa matla, o khonang ho matlafatsa likoloi, ho futhumatsa meaho le ho fehla motlakase.
Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea biomass e ka baka mathata a tebileng. Ka mohlala, bahlahlobisisi ba ethanol e entsoeng ka poone ba pheha khang ea hore e qothisana lehlokoa le 'maraka oa poone ea lijo 'me e tšehetsa mekhoa e sa pheleng ea temo. Ho boetse ho na le phehisano mabapi le hore na ho bohlale hakae ho romela li-pellets tsa lehong ho tloha US ho ea Europe e le hore li ka chesoa ho hlahisa motlakase.
Ho sa le joalo, bo-ramahlale le lik'hamphani ba ntse ba theha mekhoa e betere ea ho fetolela lijo-thollo, litšila tsa likhoerekhoere le mehloli e meng ea biomass hore e be matla, ba batla ho ntša boleng bo tsoang linthong tse ka 'nang tsa senyeha.
5. matla a mobu. Matla a geothermal, a sebelisitsoeng lilemo tse likete ho pheha le ho futhumatsa, a hlahisoa ho tsoa mochesong o ka hare oa Lefatše. Ka tekanyo e kholo, liliba li behoa matamong a ka tlas'a lefatše a mouoane le metsi a chesang, ao botebo ba oona bo ka fihlang ho feta 1,5 km. Ka tekanyo e nyane, meaho e meng e sebelisa lipompo tsa mocheso oa mohloli oa fatše tse sebelisang phapang ea mocheso oa limithara tse 'maloa ka tlase ho boemo ba fatše bakeng sa ho futhumatsa le ho pholisa.
Ho fapana le matla a letsatsi le a moea, matla a geothermal a lula a le teng, empa a na le litla-morao tsa ona. Ka mohlala, ho lokolloa ha hydrogen sulfide lilibeng ho ka 'na ha tsamaea le monko o matla oa mahe a bolileng.
Ho Atolosa Tšebeliso ea Mehloli ea Matla a Tsosolositsoeng
Litoropo le linaha lefatšeng ka bophara li ntse li phehella maano a ho eketsa tšebeliso ea mehloli ea matla a ka nchafatsoang. Bonyane linaha tse 29 tsa US li behile litekanyetso tsa tšebeliso ea matla a ka nchafatsoang, e tlamehang ho ba liperesente tse itseng tsa kakaretso ea matla a sebelisitsoeng. Hajoale, litoropo tse fetang 100 lefatšeng ka bophara li fihletse 70% ts'ebeliso ea matla a ka nchafatsoang, 'me tse ling li leka ho fihlela 100%.
Na linaha tsohle li tla khona ho fetohela ho matla a ka nchafatsoang ka botlalo? Bo-rasaense ba lumela hore tsoelo-pele e joalo e ka etsahala.
Lefatše le tlameha ho ipapisa le maemo a sebele. Esita le ka ntle ho phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo, libeso ke mohloli o lekanyelitsoeng, ’me haeba re batla ho tsoela pele re phela polaneteng ea rōna, matla a rōna a tlameha ho nchafatsoa.