Boithuto ba boitšoaro ho ethology bo etsoa motheong oa mokhoa o matla oa sebopeho. Likarolo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa ethology ke:
- morphology ea boitšoaro - tlhaloso le tlhahlobo ea likarolo tsa boitšoaro (sebopeho le metsamao);
- tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso - tlhahlobo ea lintlha tsa ka ntle le tsa ka hare tsa boitšoaro;
- lithuto tse bapisoang - tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa boitšoaro [Deryagina, Butovskaya, 1992, leq. 6].
Ka har'a moralo oa mekhoa ea mekhoa ea tsamaiso, boitšoaro bo hlalosoa e le tsamaiso ea likarolo tse amanang le tsona tse fanang ka karabo e nepahetseng ea 'mele ha e sebelisana le tikoloho; ke ts'ebetso e etsahalang ka nako e itseng [Deryagina, Butovskaya 1992, p.7]. Likarolo tsa tsamaiso ke "ka ntle" liketso tsa motlakase tsa 'mele tse hlahang ka lebaka la phetoho ea tikoloho. Sepheo sa lipatlisiso tsa ethological ke mekhoa ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ea boitšoaro le e amanang le mekhoa ea nako e telele ea ho ithuta (litloaelo tsa sechaba, mosebetsi oa lisebelisoa, mekhoa e sa tloaelehang ea puisano).
Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea boitšoaro e thehiloe holim'a melao-motheo e latelang: 1) bolaoli; 2) matla; 3) quantitative accounting; 4) mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, o nahanela hore mefuta ea boitšoaro e amana haufi-ufi.
Boitšoaro bo hlophisitsoe ka maemo (Tinbergen, 1942). Ka hona, tsamaisong ea boitšoaro, maemo a fapaneng a ho kopanya a khetholloa:
- liketso tsa motlakase tsa mathomo;
- seemo le motsamao;
- tatelano ya maemo a amanang le metsamao;
- li-ensembles tse emetsoeng ke li-complexes tsa liketane tsa liketso;
- likarolo tse sebetsang ke li-complexes tsa li-ensembles tse amanang le mofuta o itseng oa mosebetsi [Panov, 1978].
Thepa e bohareng ea tsamaiso ea boitšoaro ke tšebelisano e hlophisitsoeng ea likarolo tsa eona ho finyella sepheo sa ho qetela. Kamano e fanoa ka liketane tsa phetoho lipakeng tsa likarolo mme e ka nkuoa e le mokhoa o itseng oa ethological oa ts'ebetso ea sistimi ena [Deryagina, Butovskaya, 1992, leq. robong].
Likhopolo tsa motheo le mekhoa ea ethology ea batho li alima thuto ea liphoofolo, empa li lokiselitsoe ho bonahatsa boemo bo ikhethang ba motho har'a litho tse ling tsa liphoofolo. Tšobotsi ea bohlokoa ea ethology, ho fapana le anthropology ea setso, ke tšebeliso ea mekhoa ea ho shebella ka ho toba ba sa nkang karolo (le hoja mekhoa ea ho shebella barupeluoa e boetse e sebelisoa). Maikutlo a hlophisoa ka tsela eo ea hlokometsoeng a se nang pelaelo ka eona, kapa a se na leseli mabapi le sepheo sa litebello. Sepheo sa setso sa thuto ea ethologists ke boitšoaro bo tsoetsoeng ho motho e le mofuta oa mofuta. Ethology ea batho e ela hloko ka ho khetheha tlhahlobo ea lipontšo tsa bokahohleng tsa boitšoaro bo sa bueng. Karolo ea bobeli ea lipatlisiso ke tlhahlobo ea mehlala ea boitšoaro ba sechaba (bokhopo, boithati, puso ea sechaba, boitšoaro ba batsoali).
Potso e thahasellisang e mabapi le meeli ea ho fapana ha motho ka mong le setso sa boitšoaro. Liteko tsa boitšoaro le tsona li ka etsoa ka laboratoring. Empa tabeng ena, ho feta tsohle, re bua ka ethology e sebelisitsoeng (tšebeliso ea mekhoa ea ethological ho tsa kelello, phekolo ea kelello, kapa bakeng sa liteko tsa liteko tsa khopolo-taba e itseng). [Samokhvalov et al., 1990; Cashdan, 1998; Grummer et al, 1998].
Haeba qalong ethology ea batho e ne e tsepamisitse maikutlo lipotsong tse mabapi le hore na liketso le liketso tsa batho li hlophisitsoe joang le hore na li reriloe hakae, e leng se ileng sa lebisa khanyetso ea liphetoho tsa phylogenetic ho mekhoa ea ho ithuta ka bomong, joale ho lebisoa tlhokomelo ho thuto ea mekhoa ea boitšoaro litsong tse fapaneng (le subcultures), tlhahlobo ea mekhoa ea ho theha boitšoaro molemong oa nts'etsopele ea motho ka mong. Ka hona, sethaleng sa hona joale, saense ena ha e ithute feela boitšoaro bo nang le tšimoloho ea phylogenetic, empa hape e ela hloko hore na bokahohle ba boitšoaro bo ka fetoloa joang ka har'a setso. Maemo a ho qetela a ile a kenya letsoho kholisong ea tšebelisano e haufi pakeng tsa litsebi tsa thuto ea boitšoaro le bo-rahistori ba bonono, litsebi tsa meralo ea meralo, bo-rahistori, litsebi tsa kahisano le litsebi tsa kelello. Ka lebaka la tšebelisano-'moho e joalo, ho bontšitsoe hore boitsebiso bo ikhethang ba ethological bo ka fumanoa ka ho hlahloba ka ho feletseng lisebelisoa tsa histori: litlaleho, li-epics, litlaleho, lingoliloeng, khatiso, ho penta, meralo le lintho tse ling tsa bonono [Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989 ; Dunbar et al, 1; Dunbar and Spoors 1995].
Maemo a ho rarahana ha sechaba
Ho ethology ea morao-rao, ho nkoa e le ntho e hlakileng hore boitÅ¡oaro ba motho ka mong liphoofolong tsa sechaba le batho bo itÅ¡etlehile haholo ka maemo a sechaba (Hinde, 1990). TÅ¡usumetso ea sechaba e rarahane. Ka hona, R. Hinde [Hinde, 1987] o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea ho khetholla maemo a âmaloa a ho rarahana ha sechaba. Ho phaella ho motho ka mong, boemo ba likamano tsa sechaba, likamano, boemo ba sehlopha le boemo ba sechaba bo khetholloa. Maemo ohle a na le tÅ¡usumetso e 'ngoe ho e mong' me a hola tlasa ts'usumetso e sa feleng ea tikoloho ea 'mele le setso. E lokela ho utloisisoa ka ho hlaka hore mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea boitÅ¡oaro boemong bo rarahaneng ba sechaba e ke ke ea fokotsoa ka kakaretso ea lipontÅ¡o tsa boitÅ¡oaro boemong bo tlaase ba mokhatlo [Hinde, 1987]. Ho hlokahala mohopolo o fapaneng oa tlatsetso ho hlalosa ts'ebetso ea boitÅ¡oaro boemong bo bong le bo bong. Ka hona, litÅ¡ebelisano tse mabifi pakeng tsa bana ba motho li hlahlojoa ho ea ka tÅ¡usumetso e potlakileng e thehiloeng boitÅ¡oarong bona, athe mokhoa o mabifi oa likamano pakeng tsa bana ba motho o ka talingoa ho latela maikutlo a "tlhÅlisano ea bana ba motho".
BoitÅ¡oaro ba motho ka moralo oa mokhoa ona bo nkoa e le phello ea ho sebelisana ha hae le litho tse ling tsa sehlopha. Ho nahanoa hore e mong le e mong oa batho ba buisanang o na le maikutlo a itseng mabapi le boitÅ¡oaro bo ka bang teng ba molekane boemong bona. Motho ka mong o fumana litlhaloso tse hlokahalang motheong oa phihlelo ea pele ea puisano le baemeli ba bang ba mefuta ea eona. Likhokahano tsa batho ba babeli ba sa tloaelehang, bao ka mokhoa o hlakileng ba nang le bora ka tlhaho, hangata ba lekanyetsoa feela letotong la lipontÅ¡o. Puisano e joalo e lekane hore e mong oa balekane a lumele hore o hlÅtsoe le ho bontÅ¡a boikokobetso. Haeba batho ba itseng ba sebelisana ka makhetlo a mangata, joale likamano tse itseng li hlaha pakeng tsa bona, tse etsoang khahlanong le semelo se akaretsang sa likamano tsa sechaba. Tikoloho ea sechaba bakeng sa batho le liphoofolo ke mofuta oa likhetla tse pota-potileng batho ka bomong le ho fetola tÅ¡usumetso ea tikoloho ea tlhaho ho bona. Botsoalle ba liphoofolo bo ka bonoa e le ho ikamahanya le maemo ho tikoloho. Ha mokhatlo oa sechaba o rarahane le ho tenyetseha haholoanyane, ke moo o bapalang karolo e kholo ho sireletsa batho ba mofuta o itseng. Plastiki ea mokhatlo oa sechaba e ka sebetsa e le phetoho ea motheo ea baholo-holo ba rona ba tloaelehileng ba nang le lichimpanzi le bonobos, e leng se ileng sa fana ka litlhoko tsa pele tsa ho hominization [Butovskaya le Fainberg, 1993].
Bothata ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ba ethology ea morao-rao ke ho batla mabaka a hore na ke hobane'ng ha mekhoa ea sechaba ea liphoofolo le batho e lula e hlophisitsoe, 'me hangata ho latela molao-motheo oa hierarchical. Karolo ea 'nete ea khopolo ea ho laola ho utloisisa bohlokoa ba likamano tsa sechaba sechabeng e lula e tšohloa [Bernstein, 1981]. Marang-rang a likamano pakeng tsa batho ka bomong a hlalosoa ho liphoofolo le batho ho latela likamano tsa kamano le tsoalo, tsamaiso ea puso, le khetho ea motho ka mong. Li ka 'na tsa fetana (mohlala, maemo, kamano, le likamano tsa botona le botšehali), empa hape li ka ba teng ntle ho tse ling (mohlala, likhokahano tsa likamano tsa bacha ka lapeng le sekolong le lithaka sechabeng sa kajeno sa batho).
Ha e le hantle, ho tšoana ho tobileng ho lokela ho sebelisoa ka hloko ha ho bapisoa le boitšoaro ba liphoofolo le batho, hobane maemo ohle a ho rarahana ha sechaba a susumetsana. Mefuta e mengata ea mesebetsi ea batho e na le lintho tse tobileng le tsa tšoantšetso ka tlhaho, tse ka utloisisoang feela ka ho ba le tsebo ea phihlelo ea sechaba ea motho ea fanoeng le litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa setso le setso sa sechaba [Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989]. mokhatlo oa sechaba ke ho kopanya mekhoa ea ho lekola le ho hlalosa boitšoaro ba litšoene, ho kenyeletsoa le batho, e leng se etsang hore ho khonehe ho lekola maemo a mantlha a ho tšoana le phapang. Morero oa R. Hind o lumella ho felisa ho se utloisisane ho ka sehloohong pakeng tsa baemeli ba saense ea baeloji le ea sechaba mabapi le menyetla ea ho bapisa ho bapisa boitšoaro ba batho le liphoofolo le ho bolela esale pele hore na ke maemo afe a mokhatlo ao motho a ka a bonang ho tšoana ha sebele.