Oncogene ke phatsa ea cellular eo polelo ea eona e ka khothaletsang nts'etsopele ea mofets'e. Ke mefuta efe e fapaneng ea li-oncogenes? Li sebelisoa ka mekhoa efe? Litlhaloso.

Oncogene (ho tsoa ho onkos ea Segerike, hlahala le genos, tsoalo) eo hape e bitsoang proto-oncogene (c-onc) ke jini eo polelo ea eona e ka 'nang ea fana ka phenotype ea mofetše sele e tloaelehileng ea eukaryotic. Ha e le hantle, li-oncogene li laola motsoako oa liprotheine tse susumetsang karohano ea lisele (tse bitsoang oncoprotein) kapa li thibela ho shoa ha lisele tse hlophisitsoeng (kapa apoptosis). Li-oncogenes li ikarabella bakeng sa ho ata ho sa laoleheng ha lisele tse lebisang ho nts'etsopele ea lisele tsa mofetše.

Li-oncogenes li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 6 tse lumellanang ka ho latellana le li-oncoprotein tseo li li kenyelletsang:

• lintlha tsa kholo. Mohlala: liprotheine tsa encoding tsa proto-oncogene tsa lelapa la FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor);
• transmembrane growth factor receptors. Mohlala: proto-oncogene erb B e nang le khoutu bakeng sa EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) receptor;
• Liprotheine tsa G kapa liprotheine tsa membrane tse tlamang GTP. Mohlala: li-proto-oncogenes tsa lelapa la ras;
• membrane tyrosine protein kinases;
• membrane protheine kinases;
• liprotheine tse nang le ts'ebetso ea nyutlelie.Mohlala: proto-oncogenes erb A, phos, June et c-myc.

Nchafatso ea lisele e netefatsoa ke potoloho ea sele. Ea ho qetela e hlalosoa ke sehlopha sa liketsahalo tse hlahisang lisele tse peli tsa morali ho tloha sele ea 'mè. Re bua ka karohano ya sele kapa "mitosis".

Potoloho ea lisele e tlameha ho laoloa. Ka sebele, haeba karohano ea lisele e sa lekana, 'mele ha o sebetse hantle; Ka lehlakoreng le leng, haeba karohano ea lisele e le ngata, lisele li ata ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng, e leng se khothalletsang ponahalo ea lisele tsa kankere.

Taolo ea potoloho ea lisele e netefatsoa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tse arotsoeng ka mekhahlelo e 'meli:

• anti-oncogenes e thibelang ho ata ha lisele ka ho liehisa potoloho ea lisele;
• proto-oncogenes (c-onc) kapa oncogenes tse khothalletsang ho ata ha lisele ka ho kenya tšebetsong potoloho ea lisele.

Haeba re bapisa potoloho ea sele le koloi, li-anti-oncogene e ne e tla ba mariki 'me li-proto-oncogenes e tla ba li-accelerator tsa morao-rao.

Ponahalo Ho hlaha ha hlahala ho ka bakoa ke phetoho e sa sebetseng ea li-anti-oncogenes kapa ho fapana le hoo ho tsoa ho li-proto-oncogenes (kapa oncogenes).

Ho lahleheloa ke ts'ebetso ea anti-oncogenes ho ba thibela ho etsa ts'ebetso ea bona ea ho thibela ho ata ha lisele. Thibelo ea li-anti-oncogenes ke monyako o bulehileng oa ho arola lisele tse sa laoleheng tse ka lebisang ponahalong ea lisele tse kotsi.

Leha ho le joalo, li-anti-oncogenes ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa cellular, ke hore, li teng ka bobeli ho li-chromosome tse li tsamaisang khubung ea sele. Ka hona, ha kopi e le 'ngoe ea anti-oncogene e sa sebetse, e' ngoe e etsa hore ho khonehe ho sebetsa e le brake e le hore taba e sirelelitsoe khahlanong le ho ata ha lisele le khahlanong le kotsi ea lihlahala. Ho joalo, ho etsa mohlala, ka mofuta oa BRCA1, phetoho e thibelang ho hlahisa mofetše oa matsoele. Empa haeba kopi ea bobeli ea lefutso lena e sebetsa, mokuli o lula a sirelelitsoe le hoja a le kotsing ka lebaka la kopi ea pele e nang le phoso. E le karolo ea ponelopele e joalo, ka linako tse ling ho nahanoa ka mastectomy e thibelang habeli.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, phetoho ea phetoho e amang proto-oncogenes e totobatsa phello ea bona e susumetsang ho ata ha lisele. Ho ata hona ha lisele tsa anarchic ho lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea mofets'e.

Joalo ka li-anti-oncogenes, li-pro-oncogenes ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa cellular, tse teng ka bobeli ho li-chromosome tse li tsamaisang. Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le li-anti-oncongen, ho ba teng ha pro-oncogene e le 'ngoe e fetotsoeng ho lekane ho hlahisa liphello tse tšosang (tabeng ena, ho ata ha lisele). Ka hona mokuli ea jereng phetoho ena o kotsing ea ho tšoaroa ke mofetše.

Liphetoho tsa li-oncogenes li ka iketsahalla feela, tsa lefutso kapa tsa bakoa ke li-mutagens (lik'hemik'hale, mahlaseli a UV, joalo-joalo).

Mekhoa e mengata e qalong ea ho kenya tšebetsong liphetoho tsa oncogenes kapa pro-oncogenes (c-onc):

• ho kopanya likokoana-hloko: ho kenngoa ha kokoana-hloko ea DNA boemong ba gene ea taolo. Sena ke mohlala ka taba ea human papillomavirus (HPV), e tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano;
• phetoho ea ntlha ka tatellano ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kenyang protheine;
• deletion/ Ketso ya ho tlosa: tahlehelo ya karolo e kgolo kapa e nyane ya DNA, e bakang sesosa sa phetoho ya lefutso;
• rearrangement ea sebopeho: phetoho ea chromosomal (translocation, inversion) e lebisang ho thehoeng ha mofuta oa lebasetere o kenyelletsang protheine e sa sebetseng;
• amplification/ Ketso ya ho phahamisa: katiso e sa tloaelehang ya palo ya dikhopi tsa lefi seleleng. Katoloso ena ka kakaretso e lebisa keketsehong ea boemo ba polelo ea lefutso;
• theolelo ea polelo ea RNA: liphatsa tsa lefutso li khaotsoe tikolohong ea tsona e tloaelehileng ea limolek'hule 'me li behiloe tlas'a taolo e sa lokelang ea tatellano e meng e bakang phetoho ea polelo ea tsona.

Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kenyelletsang lintlha tsa kholo kapa li-receptor tsa tsona:

• PDGF: e kenyelletsa ntlha ea kholo ea platelet e amanang le glioma (kankere ea boko);
  Erb-B: e kenyelletsa "epidermal growth factor receptor". E amahanngoa le glioblastoma (kankere ea boko) le kankere ea matsoele;
• Erb-B2 e boetse e bitsoa HER-2 kapa neu: e kenyelletsa receptor factor factor. E amahanngoa le kankere ea matsoele, salivary le kankere ea mahe a bomme;
• RET: e kenyelletsa receptor factor factor. E amahanngoa le kankere ea qoqotho.

Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kenyelletsang li-cytoplasmic relays litseleng tsa khothatso:

• Ki-ras: e amanang le kankere ea matšoafo, mahe a bomme, colon le pancreatic;
• N-ras: e amanang le leukemia.

Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kenyelletsang liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kenyang tšebetsong liphatsa tsa lefutso tse khothalletsang kholo:

• C-myc: e amanang le kankere ea mali le kankere ea matsoele, mala le matšoafo;
• N-myc: e amanang le neuroblastoma (kankere ea lisele tsa methapo) le glioblastoma;
• L-myc: e amanang le mofetše oa matšoafo.

Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kenyelletsang limolek'hule tse ling:

• Hcl-2: e kenyelletsa protheine eo hangata e thibelang ho ipolaea ha lisele. E amahanngoa le lymphoma ea B lymphocyte;
• Bel-1: e boetse e bitsoa PRAD1. E kenyelletsa Cyclin DXNUMX, sebatli sa oache ea lisele. E amahanngoa le kankere ea matsoele, hlooho le molala;
• MDM2: e kenyelletsa mohanyetsi oa protheine e hlahisoang ke lefutso la tumor suppressor.
• P53: e amahanngoa le li-sarcomas (lik'hemik'hale tse amanang le lisele) le mefuta e meng ea kankere.

Livaerase tsa oncogenic ke livaerase tse nang le bokhoni ba ho etsa sele eo li e tšoaetsang mofetše. 15% ea mofets'e o na le "viral etiology" mme mafu ana a vaerase ke sesosa sa linyeoe tse ncha tse ka bang limilione tse 1.5 ka selemo le mafu a 900 ka selemo lefatšeng ka bophara.

Likankere tse amanang le vaerase ke bothata ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba:

• kokoana-hloko ea papilloma e amahanngoa le hoo e batlang e le 90% ea kankere ea molomo oa popelo;
• 75% ea li-hepatocarcinoma tsohle li amahanngoa le kokoana-hloko ea hepatitis B le C.

Ho na le mekhahlelo e mehlano ea livaerase tsa oncogenic, ebang ke livaerase tsa RNA kapa livaerase tsa DNA.

Likokoana-hloko tsa RNA

• Retroviridae (HTVL-1) e u beha kotsing ea T leukemia;
• Flaviviridae (vaerase ea hepatitis C) e kotsing ea ho tšoaroa ke lefu la sebete la sebete.

Likokoana-hloko tsa DNA

• Papovaviridae (papillomavirus 16 le 18) e pepesetsa mofetše oa molomo oa popelo;
• Herpesviridae (vaerase ea Esptein Barr) e pepesetsa B lymphoma le carcinoma;
• Herpesviridae (herpesvirus ea batho 8) e pepesetsa lefu la Kaposi le lymphomas;
• Hepadnaviridae (vaerase ea hepatitis B) e hlaseloa habonolo ke lefu la kankere ea sebete.