Histori ea pōpo ea khopolo ea Hayflick
Leonard Hayflick (ea hlahileng ka May 20, 1928 Philadelphia), moprofesa oa thuto ea nama Univesithing ea California e San Francisco, o ile a hlahisa khopolo ea hae ha a ntse a sebetsa Setsing sa Wistar se Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ka 1965. Frank MacFarlane Burnet o ile a reha khopolo ena ka Hayflick buka ea hae e bitsoang Internal Mutagenesis, e hatisitsoeng ka 1974. Khopolo ea moeli oa Hayflick e ile ea thusa bo-rasaense ho ithuta liphello tsa botsofali ba lisele ’meleng oa motho, ho hōla ha lisele ho tloha boemong ba embryonic ho isa lefung, ho akarelletsa le phello ea ho khutsufatsa bolelele ba lipheletso tsa li-chromosome tse bitsoang. li-telomere.
Ka 1961, Hayflick o ile a qala ho sebetsa Setsing sa Wistar, moo a ileng a hlokomela ka ho hlokomela hore lisele tsa motho ha li arohane ka ho sa feleng. Hayflick le Paul Moorehead ba hlalositse ketsahalo ena ho monograph e bitsoang Serial Cultivation of Human Diploid Cell Strains. Mosebetsi oa Hayflick Setsing sa Wistar o ne o reretsoe ho fana ka tharollo ea limatlafatsi bakeng sa bo-ramahlale ba entseng liteko setsing, empa ka nako e ts'oanang Hayflick o ne a ntse a etsa lipatlisiso tsa hae mabapi le litlamorao tsa livaerase liseleng. Ka 1965, Hayflick o ile a qaqisa mohopolo oa moeli oa Hayflick ho monograph e nang le sehlooho se reng "Limited Lifespan of Human Diploid Cell Strains in the Artificial Environment".
Hayflick o ile a fihlela qeto ea hore sele e khona ho phetha mitosis, ke hore, mokhoa oa ho ikatisa ka karohano, ka makhetlo a mashome a mane ho isa ho mashome a tšeletseng feela, ka mor'a moo lefu le hlaha. Qeto ena e ne e sebetsa ho mefuta eohle ea lisele, ebang ke lisele tsa batho ba baholo kapa likokoana-hloko. Hayflick o hlahisitse khopolo-taba ho latela hore na bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho ikatisa ba sele bo amahanngoa le botsofali ba eona, ka hona, le ts'ebetso ea botsofali ea 'mele oa motho.
Ka 1974, Hayflick o ile a theha Setsi sa Naha sa Botsofali Bethesda, Maryland.
Setsi sena ke lekala la US National Institutes of Health. Ka 1982, Hayflick le eena e ile ea e-ba motlatsi oa molula-setulo oa American Society for Gerontology, e thehiloeng ka 1945 New York. Kamora moo, Hayflick o ile a sebeletsa ho tsebahatsa khopolo ea hae le ho hanyetsa khopolo ea Carrel ea ho se shoe ha lisele.
Ho hanyetsa khopolo ea Carrel
Alexis Carrel, ngaka e buoang ea Lefora e neng e sebetsa ka lisele tsa pelo ea khoho mathoasong a lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo, o ne a lumela hore lisele li ka ikatisa ka ho sa feleng ka ho arohana. Carrel o ile a bolela hore o khona ho finyella karohano ea lisele tsa pelo ea khōhō ka mokhoa oa limatlafatsi - ts'ebetso ena e ile ea tsoela pele ka lilemo tse fetang mashome a mabeli. Liteko tsa hae ka lisele tsa pelo ea khōhō li ile tsa tiisa khopolo ea karohano e sa feleng ea lisele. Bo-rasaense ba lekile khafetsa ho pheta mosebetsi oa Carrel, empa liteko tsa bona ha lia tiisa "ho sibolloa" ha Carrel.
Ho nyatsa khopolo ea Hayflick
Lilemong tsa bo-1990, bo-rasaense ba bang, ba kang Harry Rubin Univesithing ea California Berkeley, ba boletse hore moeli oa Hayflick o sebetsa feela ho lisele tse senyehileng. Rubin o khothalelitse hore tšenyo ea lisele e ka bakoa ke hore lisele li le tikolohong e fapaneng le tikoloho ea tsona ea mantlha 'meleng, kapa ke bo-ramahlale ba pepesang lisele tse ka laboratoring.
Lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le ts'ebetso ea botsofali
Ho sa tsotellehe ho nyatsuoa, bo-rasaense ba bang ba sebelisitse khopolo ea Hayflick e le motheo oa lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng mabapi le ketsahalo ea botsofali ba lisele, haholo-holo li-telomere, e leng likarolo tse qetellang tsa li-chromosome. Li-telomere li sireletsa li-chromosome le ho fokotsa liphetoho tsa DNA. Ka 1973, rasaense oa Lerussia A. Olovnikov o ile a sebelisa khopolo ea Hayflick ea lefu la lisele lithutong tsa hae tsa lipheletsong tsa li-chromosome tse sa ikatiseng nakong ea mitosis. Ho ea ka Olovnikov, mokhoa oa ho arohana ha sele o fela hang ha sele e sitoa ho hlahisa lipheletsong tsa li-chromosome tsa eona.
Selemo hamorao, ka 1974, Burnet o ile a bitsa khopolo ea Hayflick moeli oa Hayflick, a sebelisa lebitso lena pampiring ea hae, Internal Mutagenesis. Bohareng ba mosebetsi oa Burnet e ne e le maikutlo a hore botsofali ke ntho e ka hare ho lisele tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea bophelo, le hore mosebetsi oa bona oa bohlokoa o lumellana le khopolo e tsejoang e le moeli oa Hayflick, o tiisang nako ea lefu la sebōpuoa.
Elizabeth Blackburn oa Univesithi ea San Francisco le mosebetsi-’moho le eena Jack Szostak oa Harvard Medical School e Boston, Massachusetts, ba ile ba fetohela khopolong ea moeli oa Hayflick lithutong tsa bona tsa sebōpeho sa li-telomere ka 1982 ha ba ne ba atleha ho etsa cloning le ho arola li-telomere.
Ka 1989, Greider le Blackburn ba ile ba nka bohato bo latelang ba ho ithuta ketsahalo ea botsofali ba lisele ka ho sibolla enzyme e bitsoang telomerase (enzyme e tsoang sehlopheng sa li-transferases tse laolang boholo, palo le sebopeho sa nucleotide ea telomere ea chromosome). Greider le Blackburn ba fumane hore boteng ba telomerase bo thusa lisele tsa 'mele ho qoba lefu le reriloeng.
Ka 2009, Blackburn, D. Szostak le K. Greider ba ile ba fumana Khau ea Nobel ea Physiology kapa Medicine ka mantsoe “bakeng sa ho sibolla ha bona mekhoa ea ho sireletsa li-chromosome ka li-telomere le enzyme ea telomerase.” Patlisiso ea bona e ne e ipapisitse le moeli oa Hayflick.