Truffle

Tlhaloso

Truffle (Tuber) ke li-mushroom tse turang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, tatso e sa tloaelehang le e monate e nang le tatso e ikhethang le monko o matla o khethehileng. Li-mushroom li na le lebitso la eona ka lebaka la ho tšoana ha 'mele oa tsona o behang litholoana le methapo ea litapole kapa likhoune (polelo ea Selatine terrae tuber e tsamaellana le mohopolo oa "likhoele tsa letsopa").

Li-mushroom truffle ke tsa lefapha la ascomycetes, karohano ea Pezizomycotina, sehlopha sa pec, taelo ea pec, lelapa la truffle, mofuta oa truffle.

Truffle ea li-mushroom: Tlhaloso le litšoaneleho. Truffle e shebahala joang?

Maemong a mangata, li-mushroom tsa truffle li batla li le kholo hanyane ho feta nate, empa mehlala e meng e ka ba kholo ho feta tuber e kholo ea litapole mme e boima ba kilogram e fetang 1.

The truffle ka boeona e shebahala joaloka litapole. Lera le ka ntle (peridium) le koahelang fungus le ka ba le bokaholimo bo boreleli kapa mapetso a mangata, hape le ka koaheloa ka li-warts tse nang le likarolo tse ngata.

Karolo e parolang ea li-mushroom e na le sebopeho sa 'mabole se ikhethang. E thehiloe ka ho chenchana ha "methapo ea ka hare" e bobebe le "methapo e kantle" ea moriti o lefifi, oo mekotla ea spore e leng ho ona, e nang le libopeho tse fapaneng.

Mmala oa makhasi a truffle a ipapisitse le mefuta: e ka ba bosoeu, botsho, chokolete, ea bohlooho.

Mefuta ea li-truffle, mabitso le linepe

Mofuta oa li-truffles o kenyelletsa mefuta e fetang lekholo ea li-mushroom, tse arotsoeng ka bobeli ho latela sehlopha sa bona sa tlhaho le libaka le ka boleng ba gastronomic (e ntšo, e tšoeu, e khubelu).

Li-truffle tse tsebahalang haholo ke tsena:

Truffle e ntšo ea lehlabula (Russian truffle) (Tuber aestivum)

E fihla ho 10 cm bophara mme e boima ba ligrama tse 400. Liphetoho tse amanang le lilemo nameng ea truffle li hlahisoa ka phetoho ea 'mala ho tloha ho melumo e bosoeu ho isa ho bosootho bo sootho le bosootho bo sootho. Ho tsitsa ha eona hape ho fetoha ho tloha ho teteaneng ho li-mushroom tse nyane ho ea ho tsa khale. Truffle ea Russia e na le tatso e monate ea linate le monko o poteletseng oa bolele.

Mofuta ona oa truffle o hola Transcaucasia le Crimea, karolong ea Europe ea Russia le Europe. E fumanoa tlasa lifate tse kang oak, phaene, hazel. Ho beha litholoana ho tloha ka Phuptjane ho isa qalong ea Mphalane.

Black Autumn Burgundy Truffle (Tuber mesentericum)

Li-mushroom li sebopeho se chitja 'me se le boima ba 320 g, e sa feteng 8 cm ka boholo. Makhapetla a truffle e holileng tsebong a na le 'mala oa chokolete ea lebese, e kenelletse ka methapong e tšoeu. Monko o monate oa truffle o na le moriti oa cocoa, li-mushroom ka botsona li na le tatso e bohloko.

Black truffle ea mariha (Tuber brumale)

Sebopeho sa 'mele ea litholoana e ka ba se chitja kapa sa chitja ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang. Boholo ba truffle bo fapana ho tloha ho 8 ho isa ho 15-20 cm, mme boima bo ka fihla ho 1.5 kg. Sebaka se sefubelu se sefubelu sa fungus se koahetsoe ke li-warts tse ngata. Ka lilemo, 'mala oa peridium o fetoha o motsho,' me nama e tšoeu e ba pherese-pherese. Truffle ea mariha e na le monko o monate o monate oa 'musky.

Mofuta ona oa truffle o hola ho tloha ka Pulungoana ho isa Pherekhong-Hlakola mobung o mongobo tlasa hazel kapa linden. E ka fumanoa Fora, Italy, Switzerland le our country.

Black Perigord (Sefora) Truffle (Tuber melanosporum)

Litholoana ha lia lekana kapa li chitja hanyane, li fihla ho 9 cm ka karolo. Bokaholimo ba fungus, bo koahetsoeng ke li-warts tse 'ne kapa tse mahlakore a tšeletseng, bo fetola' mala oa eona ho tloha ho o mofubelu o mofubelu ho ea ho o motšo oa mashala ka lilemo. Nama e bobebe ea truffle ka linako tse ling e nang le bosootho bo pinki e ba bosootho bo sootho kapa e be pherese ha e ntse e tsofala.

Ho beha litholoana ho tloha ka Tshitwe ho isa mafelong a Hlakubele. E lengoa Europe le Crimea, Australia, New Zealand, China, Afrika Boroa. Har'a li-truffle tse ntšo, mofuta ona o nkoa e le oa bohlokoahali; e bile e bitsoa "daemane e ntšo". E na le monko o monate le tatso e monate. Lebitso la li-mushroom li tsoa lebitsong la sebaka sa Perigord naheng ea Fora.

Truffle e ntšo ea Himalaya (Tuber himalayensis)

Li-mushroom tse nang le 'mele e nyane ea litholoana le boima ba 50 g. Ka lebaka la boholo ba eona bo nyane, ho thata haholo ho fumana truffle ena.

White Piedmont (Setaliana) Truffle (Tuber magnatum)

Mele ea litholoana e na le sebopeho se sa tloaelehang 'me e fihla ho 12 cm ka bophara. Ha e le hantle, boima ba truffle ha bo fete 300 g, empa mehlala e sa tloaelehang e ka ba boima ba kilogram e le 'ngoe. Peridium e bofubelu bo bosehla kapa bosootho ka 'mala. Makgapetla a masweu kapa a boreledi, ka nako tse ding a na le bosootho bo bokgutswane.

Truffle ea Piedmont ke eona ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ho li-truffle tse tšoeu 'me e nkuoa e le li-mushroom tse turang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Truffle ea Italy e monate ebile monko o monate o hopotsa chisi le konofolo. Ho na le li-mushroom leboea ho Italy.

White Oregon (Amerika) truffle (Tuber oregonense)

Fungus e fihla ho bophara ba 5-7 cm mme e boima ba 250 g. E hola lebopong le ka bophirima la United States. Hangata e fumanoa mokatong o kaholimo oa mobu, o nang le lisebelisoa tse senyehang. Ka lebaka lena, monko o monate oa truffle o na le lipalesa le litlama.

Khubelu ea Truffle (Tuber rufum)

E na le monko oa litlama-coconut o nang le tatso ea veine. Boholo ba li-mushroom ha bo fete 4 cm, mme boima ba eona ke 80 g. Makgapetla a teteane. E hola haholo-holo Europe merung e meholo le e metenya. Nako ea litholoana e qala ka Loetse ho isa Pherekhong.

Truffle e khubelu ea glitter (Tuber nitidum)

Truffle ena e na le monko o ikhethang oa veine-pere-coconut. Mele ea litholoana e fihla bophara ba 3 cm mme e boima ba 45 g. E hōla merung e omeletseng le e meholo. Nako ea litholoana ho tloha ka Mots'eanong ho isa Phato (ka linako tse ling, tlasa maemo a matle, e beha litholoana ho tloha ka Mmesa ho isa Loetse).

Hoetla Truffle (Burgundy) (Tuber uncinatum)

Mofuta o mong oa French truffle e ntšo. E hola haholo-holo libakeng tse ka leboea-bochabela ho Fora, e fumaneha Italy, hangata haholo UK. Li-mushroom li na le monko o monate oa hazelnut o nang le noto e bobebe ea "chokolete", e ananeloang haholo ke li-gourmets bakeng sa likarolo tsa eona tse ntle tsa gastronomic le theko e "theko e tlase" ha e bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea li-truffle: theko ea truffle e ka tlase ho li-euro tse 600 ka kilograma e le 'ngoe .

Mofuta ona oa truffle o butsoa ka Phuptjane-Mphalane, ho latela maemo a leholimo. Makhapetla a li-mushroom a teteane haholo, 'me ho tsitsana ha eona ha ho fetohe nakong eohle ea ho butsoa, ​​e na le' mala o mosootho o sootho o kenang khafetsa le methapo e bobebe ea "'mabole".

Truffle ea China (Asia) (Tuber sinensis, Tuber indicum)

Ho sa tsotelehe lebitso la eona, li-mushroom tsa pele tsa mofuta ona ha lia ka tsa fumanoa Chaena, empa li fumanoe merung ea Himalaya, mme lilemo tse lekholo feela hamorao, truffle ea Asia e ile ea fumanoa Chaena.

Mabapi le tatso le matla a monko o monate, li-mushroom tsena li tlase haholo ho mor'abo tsona - truffle e ntšo ea Fora, leha ho le joalo, e bohlokoa haholo ho litsebi tsa tatso e joalo. Nama ea mushroom e bosootho bo lefifi, ka linako tse ling e ntšo, e nang le methapo e mengata ea mmala o mosoeu o bosoeu.

Truffle ea China e hola eseng feela sebakeng sa China: e fumaneha India, merung ea Korea, mme ka hoetla ha 2015, e mong oa baahi ba toropo ea Ussuriisk ea Russia o ile a fumana truffle hantle moahong oa hae oa botho. serapa ka tlasa sefate sa eike se senyane.

Li-truffle li hola kae hona joang?

Li-mushroom tsa Truffle li hola ka tlasa lefatše ka lihlopha tse nyane, moo ho nang le 'mele e tsoang ho 3 ho isa ho e 7 e behang, e nang le botsitso ba' mele kapa nama.

Sebaka sa kabo ea li-truffle se pharalletse haholo: monate ona o kotuloa merung e meholo le e meholo ea Europe le Asia, Afrika Leboea le United States of America.

Mohlala, mycelium of the Piedmontese truffle, e melang leboea la Italy, e etsa syliosis le metso ea birch, poplar, elm le linden, 'me' mele ea litholoana ea black Perigord truffle e ka fumanoa Spain, Switzerland le boroa. ea Fora libakeng tse nang le lifate tsa oak, hornbeam kapa beech.

Truffle e ntšo ea lehlabula e khetha meru e meholo kapa e tsoakaneng le mobu o nang le maqhubu a Europe Bohareng, Scandinavia, lebopo la Leoatle le Letšo la Caucasus, our country, hammoho le libaka tse ling tsa Asia Bohareng.

Truffle ea mariha ha e hōle feela masimong a Switzerland le Fora, empa le merung ea lithaba ea Crimea. Lihlahisoa tsa litholoana tsa truffle e tšoeu ea Morocco li ka fumanoa merung e mabopong a leoatle la Mediterranean le la Leboea la Afrika. Li-mushroom tsena tsa truffle li hola haufi le metso ea kedare, oak le phaene.

Li-truffle li hola kae Russia?

Li-truffle tsa lehlabula (li-truffle tse ntšo tsa Russia) li hola Russia. Li fumaneha Caucasus, lebopong la Leoatle le Letšo, Crimea merung e meholo le e tsoakaneng. Ho molemo ho li batla tlasa metso ea hornbeam, beech, oak. Li fumaneha ka seoelo merung ea lifate tsa meru.

U ka fumana li-truffle tsa mariha Crimea. Li-mushroom tsena li hola ho tloha ka Pulungoana ho isa Hlakola-Hlakubele.

Li-truffle tse tšoeu (li-truffle tsa khauta), e leng mefuta e sa tloaelehang haholo, le tsona lia hola Russia. Li ka fumanoa libakeng tsa Vladimir, Oryol, Kuibyshev, Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk le Samara. Li-truffle tse tšoeu li boetse li hola sebakeng sa Moscow (tikolohong ea Moscow) le Leningrad.

Li-truffle tse ntseng li hola hae

Batho ba bangata ba botsa potso hore na ho ka khonahala ho lema li-truffle ka botsona, ho jala li-mushroom tsena le maemo a li-truffle tse holang. Ka tlhaho, ho ata ha li-mushroom tsena ho etsahala ka lebaka la baahi ba meru ba fumanang li-mushroom tse butsoitseng ebe baa li ja.

Li-spores tsa truffles, hammoho le mantle a ntšitsoeng 'meleng oa phoofolo, li kena methapong ea sefate ebe li theha ts'oaetso le eona. Leha ho le joalo, linaheng tse ngata tsa Europe le PRC, temo ea maiketsetso ea li-truffle tse ntšo e atile ka lilemo tse ngata. Hoa hlokomeleha hore li-truffle tse tšoeu ha li iketsetse temo.

Katleho e atlehileng ea ho ikatisa e hloka lintlha tse 'maloa ho lumellana: maemo a leholimo a nepahetseng, mobu o loketseng le lifate tse loketseng. Kajeno, ho theha masimo a truffle, lifate tsa oak tse entsoeng ke batho li lenngoe ho tsoa ho li-acorn tsa sefate seo li-mushroom li fumanoeng ka sona.

Khetho e 'ngoe ke ho tšoaetsa metso ea sethopo ka truffle mycelium e lokiselitsoeng ka ho khetheha. Ho lema li-truffles ke ts'ebetso e telele ebile e theko e boima, ka hona theko ea truffle e holileng lapeng e fapana hanyane le theko ea truffle ea tlhaho, leha tatso ea li-mushroom tsa maiketsetso e batla e le tlase.

U ka fumana li-truffle joang? Liphoofolo ho batla li-mushroom

Ho batla le ho bokella li-truffle ha ho bonolo: barati ba "ho tsoma ka khutso" ba sebelisa maqheka le mano a mangata ho tla hae le phofu eo ba e batlang. Sebaka seo u ka fumanang li-truffle ho sona se khetholloa ke limela tse sa tsitsang, mobu o na le 'mala o mosootho.

Fungus ha e hlahelle mobung hangata, hangata e ipata fatše, empa o lokela ho ela hloko lithaba: haeba ho uena ho ne ho bonahala eka sebaka sena ke "truffle", u se ke ua ba botsoa ho cheka maralla a 'maloa - u ka khoptjoa ke lelapa la li-mushroom tse monate.

Bakhethi ba 'nete ba li-mushroom ha ba ntse ba tsoma li-truffle ba ka tseba "ho tlosoa" ha li-mushroom ka ho tlanya fatše ka molamu, empa sena e se e le boiphihlelo bo fumanoeng ho theosa le lilemo. Hangata, li-midge li potoloha holim'a li-truffle tse holileng tsebong, tse ka thusang ho batlana le monate oa morung.

Truffle ea li-mushroom ke mohloli oa monko o matla haholo, 'me haeba ho ke ke ha khoneha hore motho a e tšoare ka mobu oa mobu, liphoofolo li e utloa hole. Ke ka lebaka lena hore mokhoa ona o thehiloe, ha liphoofolo li ne li koetliselitsoe ho batla li-truffles: lintja esita le likolobe!

Ho makatsang ke hore kolobe e khona ho fofonela truffle hole le 20-25 metres. Ebe o qala ho cheka cheseho ka cheseho, ka hona mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa mokhethi oa li-mushroom ke ho ferekanya phoofolo hang ha "e ema" ho li-mushroom.

Bakeng sa lintja, truffle ka boeona ha e khahlise ho latela lijo, empa "mafokisi" a maoto a mane a tlameha ho koetlisetsoa nako e telele ho a koetlisetsa ho fofonela truffle.

Ka tsela, ntja e ntle ea ho khetha li-mushroom kajeno e ka bitsa li-euro tse fetang 5,000.

Lisebelisoa tse sebetsang tsa li-truffles

Litšobotsi tse ikhethileng tsa lijo tsa truffle haesale li tsejoa. Li loketse ka bobeli bakeng sa ho etsa li-pie, lisoso le ho tlatsa phae, hape e le tlatsetso ea likhoho le lijana tsa tlhapi ea leoatleng. Ka linako tse ling li ka fuoa sejana se arohaneng. Li-truffle li ka kotuloa bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea nako e tlang ka ho chesa kapa ho kenya canon ka boleng bo holimo ba cognac.

Truffle e na le liprotheine tsa meroho, lik'habohaedreite, livithamini tsa sehlopha B, PP le C, liminerale tse fapaneng, li-antioxidants, li-pheromone tse thusang ho ntlafatsa boemo ba maikutlo ba motho le fiber e ngata.

Lero la truffle le loketse mafu a mang a mahlo, 'me makhasi a li-mushroom a tlisa phomolo ho batho ba tšoeroeng ke gout. Ha ho na lithibelo tse khethehileng bakeng sa ho ja li-mushroom tsena, boemo bo ka sehloohong ke bocha ba li-mushroom le ho ba sieo ha khatello ea maikutlo ho penicillin bathong.

Lintlha tse khahlisang ka truffle

1. Ho lumeloa hore li-truffle tse butsoitseng li na le anandamide, ntho e sebetsang tsamaisong ea methapo ea motho ka tsela e ts'oanang le matekoane.
2. Truffles e tsongoa bosiu ka lebaka la hore moeeng o pholileng, lintja tse batlisisang kapa likolobe li fumana monko o monate oa li-mushroom.
3. Pejana ho la Italy, likolobe tse koetlisitsoeng ka ho khetheha li ne li kentse letsoho ho batleng le ho bokelleng li-truffle. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la hore ha li senye mobu o kaholimo feela, empa hape li loanela ho ja phofu, li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke lintja.
4. Russia, pele ho phetohelo ea 1917, libere li ne li sebelisetsoa ho batla li-truffle kamora ho ntšoa meno.
5. Truffle e nkoa e le aphrodisiac e matla.